Advertising Platform Transaction Management

ABSTRACT

A computer-implemented method includes generating, using a transaction management computing subsystem of an advertising platform, a set of primary bid requests responsive to receipt of an advertising call. Each primary bid request includes information sufficient to characterize an impression consumer and information sufficient to characterize each of one or more impressions identified in the advertising call. The method also includes sending the set of primary bid requests from the transaction management computing subsystem to a first set of decisioning computing subsystems of the advertising platform. Each decisioning computing subsystem of the first set being operable to generate a bid response based on the information included in a primary bid request. The method further includes selecting, using the transaction management computing subsystem, a first bid response from among the bid responses generated by the first set of decisioning computing subsystems; and taking, by the transaction management computing subsystem, an action on the first bid response.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No.61/158,073, filed Mar. 6, 2009, and entitled “Advertising CloudInfrastructure,” the contents of which are incorporated herein byreference.

This application is also related to U.S. application Ser. No. ______(Attorney Docket Number 30052-003001), entitled “Advertising PlatformUser Data Store Management;” and U.S. application Ser. No. ______(Attorney Docket Number 30052-004001), entitled “Advertising PlatformCreative Approval,” filed concurrently with the present application. Thecontents of both applications are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

This description relates to a computer system, and in particular acomputer system for providing an advertising platform.

One of the major challenges within the online advertising market is themassive fragmentation of companies, services, and technology providers.A significant lack of standards among the mix of technologies anddisparate data centers makes integration between parties difficult, ifnot impossible.

More and more, the buying and selling of online or world wide webdisplay advertising is moving from a “bulk impression” model to a “userspecific” buying model where specific advertising is generated for aspecific user or impression consumer. Agencies, networks, and publishersare getting smarter about which specific users are valuable for a givencampaign; advertisers now require more and more flexible buyingmechanisms to reach those specific users. Today's mechanisms requirebulk purchasing based on some coarse targeting parameters. Currentattempts at deeper integration between user data and the impressionbuyer generally involve some level of HTTP redirects which bounce a userback and forth between various serving systems. This makes the processvery slow. This adversely affects an impression consumers experience ofa website and has an impact on the effectiveness of advertising includedin a website.

SUMMARY

In a general aspect, a computer-implemented method includes generating,using a transaction management computing subsystem of an advertisingplatform, a set of primary bid requests responsive to receipt of anadvertising call, each primary bid request including informationsufficient to characterize an impression consumer and informationsufficient to characterize each of one or more impressions identified inthe advertising call. The method also includes sending the set ofprimary bid requests from the transaction management computing subsystemto a first set of decisioning computing subsystems of the advertisingplatform, each decisioning computing subsystem of the first set beingoperable to generate a bid response based on the information included ina primary bid request. The method further includes selecting, using thetransaction management computing subsystem, a first bid response fromamong the bid responses generated by the first set of decisioningcomputing subsystems; and taking, by the transaction managementcomputing subsystem, an action on the first bid response.

Embodiments may include one or more of the following.

Generating each primary bid request includes determining an estimatedwinning bid price based in part on a bid curve formed by an analysis ifwin rates of historical bid responses; and providing the estimatedwinning bid price as a parameter of the primary bid request.

Selecting the first bid response includes comparing the bid pricesprovided in the bid responses generated by the first set of decisioningcomputing subsystems with an estimated winning bid price; and setting awinning bid price based on results of the comparing. Setting a winningbid price based on results of the comparing includes one of thefollowing: if the highest bid price and the second highest bid priceprovided in the bid responses are both higher than the estimated winningbid price, designating the bid response associated with the highest bidprice as the selected bid response and setting the winning bid price tobe a value that is based on the second highest bid price provided in thebid responses; if the highest bid price is higher than the estimatedwinning bid price and the second highest bid price is lower than theestimated winning price, designating the bid response associated withthe highest bid price as the selected bid response and setting thewinning bid price to be a value that is based on the estimated winningbid price; and if the highest bid price and the second highest bid priceare both lower than the estimated winning bid price, designating the bidresponse associated with the highest bid price as the selected bidresponse and setting the winning bid price to be a value based on to thehighest bid price.

The advertising call is received from an advertising server outside theadvertising platform. The advertising call is received from a browseroperable by the impression consumer. The advertising call is receivedthrough a canonical name redirect.

Taking an action on the first bid response includes generating anadvertising call response that includes information sufficient toidentify a creative associated with the first bid response; andproviding the advertising call response to a source of the advertisingcall. The method further includes receiving from the source of theadvertising call a notification that the creative associated with thefirst bid response was served to the impression consumer.

Taking an action on the first bid response includes generating a set ofsecondary bid requests each including information associated with thefirst bid response; and sending the set of secondary bid requests to asecond set of decisioning computing subsystems of the advertisingplatform.

The method further includes selecting, using the transaction managementcomputing subsystem, a second bid response from among the bid responsesgenerated by the second set of decisioning computing subsystems;generating, using the transaction management computing subsystem, anadvertising call response that includes information sufficient toidentify a creative associated with the second bid response; and sendingthe generated advertising call response to the source of the advertisingcall.

The method further includes selecting, using the transaction managementcomputing subsystem, a second bid response from among the bid responsesgenerated by the second set of decisioning computing subsystems;generating, using the transaction management computing subsystem, anadvertising call that includes information associated with the secondbid response; and sending the generated advertising call to adecisioning component outside the advertising platform.

The generated advertising call satisfies advertising call formattingrequirements associated with the decisioning computing component outsidethe advertising platform. The advertising call formatting requirementsincludes a specification of a bid price as a range of values. Theadvertising call formatting requirements includes a specification of apriority metric. Creative information associated with the first bidresponse is represented in the generated advertising call as a uniformresource locator, a javascript variable, or a cookie.

At least some of the primary bid requests include information selectedaccording to predefined constraint criteria specified by an impressionseller member with respect to each of the one or more advertisementspaces. At least some of the primary bid requests include informationselected according to predefined constraint criteria specified by animpression buyer member.

The method further includes, for each transaction that occurs followingthe receipt of an advertising call by the transaction managementcomputing subsystem, logging at least some of the following information:a transaction identifier, an impression consumer, the impressionconsumer's web browser, an ad tag, an impression, a creative selected tobe served, the impression consumer's response to a creative that wasserved, a decisioning computing subsystem identifier, a bid response, awinning bid price, an estimated winning bid price, an identifier of athird party data provider that contributed data towards the generationof a bid response, a bid response time, and a no-bid response.

The method further includes taking at least one or the following actionswith respect to the logged information: generating summarizedinformation for the logged information at periodic intervals, andstoring the summarized information for analysis; disseminating at leastsome of the collected information as market ticker data, report data, orboth; disseminating an abstracted version of at least some of thecollected information as market ticker data, report data, or both; andgenerating a debug log that is based on at least some of the collectedinformation, and sending the debug log to an impression seller member.

The method further includes, for each transaction that occurs followingthe receipt of an advertising call by the transaction managementcomputing subsystem, generating a notify request specific to eachdecisioning computing subsystem, wherein the notify request includes atleast some of the following information: owner kept notificationinformation, owner sold notification information, information aboutrevenue or cost generated by the sale of an impression, non-owner win,lost, or pending win information, bid price information, winning bidprice information, error notification information, impressioninformation, and impression consumer information; and sending the notifyrequests to respective decisioning computing subsystems.

In a further general aspect, a system that provides an advertisingplatform includes decisioning computing subsystems each including aprocessor that is coupled to computer readable media having computerreadable instructions recorded thereon for generating a bid responsebased on information included in a bid request; and a transactionmanagement computing subsystem including a processor that is coupled tocomputer readable media having computer readable instructions recordedthereon. The processor is operable to execute the computer readableinstructions to generate a set of primary bid requests responsive toreceipt of an advertising call, each primary bid request includinginformation sufficient to characterize an impression consumer andinformation sufficient to characterize each of one or more impressionsidentified in the advertising call; send the set of primary bid requeststo a first set of the decisioning computing subsystems; select a firstbid response from among the bid responses generated by the first set ofthe decisioning computing subsystems; and take an action on the firstbid response.

Embodiments may include one or more of the following.

The computer readable instructions to take an action on the first bidresponse include instructions to generate an advertising call responsethat includes information sufficient to identify a creative associatedwith the first bid response; and provide the advertising call responseto a source of the advertising call. The computer readable media furtherincludes computer readable instructions to generate log data identifyingthe creative associated with the first bid response as having beenserved to the impression consumer based at least in part on anotification received from the source of the advertising call. Thecomputer readable media further includes computer readable instructionsto generate a set of secondary bid requests each including informationassociated with the first bid response; and send the set of secondarybid requests to a second set of decisioning computing subsystems in theadvertising platform.

The computer readable media further includes computer readableinstructions to select a second bid response from among the bidresponses generated by the second set of decisioning computingsubsystems; generate an advertising call response that includesinformation sufficient to identify a creative associated with the secondbid response; and send the generated advertising call response to thesource of the advertising call. The computer readable media furtherincludes computer readable instructions to select a second bid responsefrom among the bid responses generated by the second set of decisioningcomputing subsystems; generate an advertising call that includesinformation associated with the second bid response; and send thegenerated advertising call to a decisioning component of a system otherthan the system that provides the advertising platform.

At least one of the decisioning computing subsystems is operable toreceive a bid guide that specifies an impression buyer member-specificset of decisioning rules. At least one decisioning computing subsystemis associated with a plurality of impression buyer members. At leastsome of the decisioning computing subsystems and the transactionmanagement computing subsystem are physically co-located within a datacenter.

At least one decisioning computing subsystem is formed by a plurality ofinstances, each operable to generate bid responses on behalf of one ormore impression buyer members. The computer readable instructions tosend the set of primary bid requests to a first set of the decisioningcomputing subsystems include instructions to perform load balancingamong the instances of a first decisioning computing subsystem.

The computer readable media further includes computer readableinstructions to send a ready call to each of the decisioning computingsubsystems; and send the set of primary bid requests to the first set ofdecisioning computing subsystems selected based at least in part onreceipt of respective responses to the ready call. The computer readablemedia further includes computer readable instructions to send the set ofprimary bid requests to the first set of decisioning computingsubsystems selected according to predefined constraint criteriaspecified by an impression buyer member, the impression seller member,or both.

Implementations of the invention may include one or more of thefollowing advantages.

The speed of the computer system can be increased or, in other words thelatency of the computer system can be reduced, by providing both one ormore transaction management computing subsystems that generate bidrequests and one or more decisioning subsystems that generate bidresponses in response to the bid requests in one physical cloudinfrastructure or by collocating the transaction management computingsubsystems and decisioning subsystems. The increase in speed provided bythis arrangement makes it technically feasible to include a plurality ofdecisioning subsystems for generating bid responses, which may each havetheir own algorithms or optimisation techniques, within the systemwithin acceptable time scales.

Furthermore, the speed of the computer system can be increased or, inother words the latency of the computer system can be reduced, byenabling impression consumer data to be replicated across data centersites without having to send all of the impression consumer data to eachdata center following each impression trading opportunity. Rather, onlythe incremental updates of the impression consumer data are transmittedover the Internet for storage in user data stores that are local torespective data centers. Speed of operation is further increased if theincremental consumer data data that is generated and sent only includesdata that the bidding computer subsystems are entitled to receive. Speedof operation is further increased by storing the impression consumerdata client-side or, in other words, on the computer being used by theimpression consumer. Yet further speed increases in generating a bidresponse result by storing the impression consumer data as an objectand, in particular, a JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) object.

Bid requests in the computer system described herein include informationsufficient to characterize each of a plurality of advertisement spacesidentified in the advertising call, advantageously each advertisementspace has a tag associated with it. Sending bid requests for multipleadvertising spaces in the same request reduces speed of operation of thesystem improving the online experience of an impression consumer orperson to whom online advertising is displayed as there is less delaywhile an advertisement is displayed.

The advertising platform or advertising cloud infrastructure or computersystem enables any number of bidding providers to participate intransactions within the platform. Each bidding provider has a biddingengine that implements its own “secret sauce” optimization techniques togenerate a bid response that quantifies in real-time the value of theimpression consumer to the bidding provider's associated impressionbuyer members given information about the impression consumer (e.g.,demographic, psychographic, and behavioral history) and the ad space.The optimization techniques may be tweaked and/or modified in real-timebased on feedback received from the platform with respect to a mostrecent set of platform-based auctions regardless of whether the biddingprovider itself was involved in those auctions, as well as proprietarydata on impression consumers provided by the bidding provider itself Inso doing, each bidding provider is able to generate a competitive bidfor each platform-based auction while maximizing the yield for itsassociated impression buyer member (e.g., by targeting certain creativesto highly desirable impression consumers).

The advertising platform enables each bidding provider to use its owninformation or information provided by any third-party data provider todetermine the value of impression inventory. By removing any constraintson the number of third-party data providers that may provide suchinformation and by enabling each bidding provider to identify andcontract with any third-party data provider independently of the biddingprovider's participation within the platform, there is no limit to thetypes of information that may be used by each bidding provider indetermining the value of impression inventory. This flexibility furtherenables third-party data providers that provide information in manydifferent sectors and industries to charge a premium rate for certainindustries and sectors if there is a noticeable market demand for suchdata, and charge a regular rate for all other industries or sectors.

With some exceptions (e.g., the scenario in which a creative servingopportunity is part of a pre-existing media buy between an impressionseller member and an impression buyer member), each and every biddingprovider within the platform sees every creative serving opportunity inreal-time and is afforded the opportunity to procure the impressioninventory.

The advertising platform provides impression trading industry memberswith a low latency environment in which interactions may occur betweenmembers in real-time. Such interactions include, for instance, themulti-way exchange of data, the valuation of users and impressions, thecomparison of creative standards, the evaluation of fraud, and theability to contextualize, classify, and optimize the impressioninventory being traded within the platform.

Co-locating infrastructure on one physical platform greatly reduces thenumber of network bottlenecks and potential problems that may beencountered on a per-auction basis. For example, rather than having totraverse multiple border routers, ISPs and load-balancers, a platformimpression bus (also referred to in this description as an “Imp Bus”)may request content directly from each individual bidding providerwithout having to worry whether there is a clear Internet path.

By co-locating the Imp Bus and the various bidding engines within asingle data center (and possibly reproducing the Imp Bus and biddingengines and their relationships in multiple data centers forgeographical efficiency), bid requests and bid responses may be sent andreceived within a very short period of time, generally measured infractions of a single second (e.g., 1/20^(th) of a second). The abilityto identify an ad creative to be served to an impression consumerrapidly results in a good user-experience and reduces (and ideallyeliminates) the number of dropped impressions. By comparison,traditional redirecting techniques slow down the ad requests by bouncingthe user, through a public network such as the Internet, between serversthat may be physically located at disparate geographic locations. Eachadditional redirect (generally capped at a five redirects on a single adcall) results in about 3-5% of impressions lost.

Traditional redirecting techniques make the impression consumer'sbrowser responsible for “integration.” This means that any “integration”is entirely public, both to the end-user and any party that might besniffing traffic in between. When a member is inserted into an ad callredirect stream, that member has full control over both the user'scookie and the ad request. Taking a contextual provider example, acontextual engine that is adding its data to the ad request has theability to start building a behavioral profile of the user. Theadvertising platform enables various impression trading industry membersto integrate and collaborate with each other and third-party dataproviders without any of the security risks and downsides resulting fromtraditional redirecting techniques.

The advertising platform enables impression industry trading members tofine tune future media buying by offering full transparency andanalytics that may provide insight as to why an impression was won orlost and by how much, and which user segments are driving the member'sreturn on investment measured, for example, per thousand impressions(CPMs).

The advertising platform provides an environment that benefits theimpression industry trading members involved in impression tradingwithin the platform, for example, by providing the members with an equalchance to buy and sell impression inventory via the Imp Bus and biddingproviders, access more ad spaces and demand for ad spaces, and generallytransact more efficiently from a business perspective and a technicalperspective.

By making a set of APIs for the advertising platform widely available,any number of technology providers can create, market, and distribute(to the community of partners) technology solutions in the form ofplatform-compatible bidding engines and “secret sauce” optimizationtechniques. This has a “float to the top” effect in that thosetechnology providers that are able to tweak their technology solutionsto provide to their associated impression buyer members the “best bangfor buck” will thrive in the marketplace while others quickly fallbehind and are eventually eliminated. Further, this has the effect ofencouraging new technology providers to innovate compatible technologysolutions if a viable and profitable marketplace can be sustained.

By enabling a bidding provider to easily and quickly provision anddeploy additional servers of the data center to implement its biddingengine, scalability may be achieved regardless of the number ofimpression buyer members a bidding partner is associated with and/or thevolume of impressions the associated impression buyer members desire toacquire during a given time frame.

A requested page may have multiple ad spaces. The advertising platformmay be implemented to enable an impression seller member's web server tomake a call to the platform that invokes multiple ad tags (each ad tagbeing associated with a distinct ad space of the page) or a call to theplatform that invokes a single page-level ad tag that includes multiplead spaces. Some of the advantages of enabling these features are asfollows: (1) one request to the platform reduces latency; (2) a singlecall that invokes multiple ad tags or a single page-level ad tag allowsfor the buying of ‘packages’ of ads. For example, an impression buyermember may indicate that it will take all three tags on a page for a $10CPM. The Imp Bus may then compare the price of the “package” of ads tothe highest individual bids; and (3) enables premium selling(road-blocks) and the ability to do competitive exclusions (e.g., do notshow a Coca Cola® ad next to a Pepsi® ad).

The invention in its various aspects is defined in the independentclaims below, to which reference should now be made. Advantageousfeatures are set forth in the dependent claims.

One embodiment of the invention is described in more detail below andtakes the form of a computer system for buying and selling onlineadvertising, the computer system comprising one or more decisioningsubsystems and a transaction management computing subsystem that arelocated in one physical cloud infrastructure and/or physicallycollocated.

The transaction management computing subsystem is configured to generatea bid request responsive to receipt of an advertising call. The bidrequest includes information sufficient to characterize an impressionconsumer and information sufficient to characterize each of one or moreadvertisement spaces identified in the advertising call. The transactionmanagement computing subsystem is also configured to send the bidrequest to each of a selected one or more of the one or more decisioningsubsystems; select one or more bid responses from amongst the bidresponses returned by the selected one or more decisioning subsystems inresponse to the bid request; and generate an advertising call responsebased on the selected one or more bid responses.

Each decisioning subsystem is configured to generate at least one bidresponse based on information included in a bid request.

In general, in an aspect, a computer-readable media hascomputer-readable instructions recorded thereon for identifying one ormore advertisement creatives to be served to an impression consumer. Theinstructions include instructions for generating a bid request inresponse to receipt of an advertising call, wherein the bid requestincludes information sufficient to characterize the impression consumerand information sufficient to characterize each of one or moreadvertisement spaces. The instructions include instructions forselecting one or more bidders within an advertising platform to receivethe bid request, wherein each of the selected one or more bidders isoperable to generate at least one bid response based on the informationincluded in the bid request. The instructions include instructions forsending the bid request to each of the selected one or more bidders. Theinstructions include instructions for using predetermined bid selectioncriteria to select one or more bid responses from amongst the bidresponses returned by the selected one or more bidders. The instructionsinclude instructions for generating an advertising call response basedon the selected one or more bid responses.

Implementations of the computer-readable media can include one or moreof the following features. The computer-readable media includesinstructions for generating a data retrieval request based oninformation included in the advertising call, wherein the data retrievalrequest includes information sufficient to uniquely identify user datastore information associated with the impression consumer. Thecomputer-readable media includes instructions for sending the dataretrieval request to a data management component that organizes storageof user data store information within the advertising platform. Thecomputer readable media includes instructions for generating theinformation sufficient to characterize the impression consumer based oninformation received from the data management component responsive tothe data retrieval request.

The information sufficient to uniquely identify user data storeinformation associated with the impression consumer and comprises analphanumeric string of characters representative of an impressionconsumer identifier. The computer readable media includes instructionsfor generating a data retrieval request based on information included inthe advertising call, wherein the data retrieval request includesinformation sufficient to uniquely identify data associated with each ofthe one or more advertisement spaces. The computer readable mediaincludes instructions for sending the data retrieval request to a datamanagement system component that organizes storage of advertisementspace-related data within the advertising platform. The computerreadable media includes instructions for generating the informationsufficient to characterize each of the one or more advertisement spacesbased on information received from the data management componentresponsive to the data retrieval request.

The information is sufficient to uniquely identify data associated witheach of the one or more advertisement spaces comprises one or morealphanumeric strings of characters, each alphanumeric string beingrepresentative of an advertising tag.

The computer readable media includes instructions for selecting the oneor more bidders to receive the bid request includes instructions forprocessing information included in the advertising call according topredefined constraint criteria specified by an impression seller memberwith respect to each of the one or more advertisement spaces. Thecomputer readable media includes instructions for selecting the one ormore bidders to receive the bid request from amongst a set of bidderswithin the advertising platform based on results of the processing.

The predefined constraint criteria comprises constraint criteria relatedto one or more of the following: price, geography, time of delivery,location of delivery, quantity, and language.

The instructions for selecting the one or more bidders to receive thebid request includes instructions for processing information included inthe advertising call according to predefined class criteria specified byan impression seller member with respect to a class of advertisementspaces of which each of the one or more advertisement spaces is amember. The predefined class criteria comprises an exclusiveadvertisement space class, and wherein each of the one or moreadvertisement spaces that is a member of the exclusive advertisementspace class is subject to a pre-existing media buy contractual agreementbetween the impression seller member and a respective impression buyermember.

The predetermined bid selection criteria comprises selection criteriarelated to one or more of the following metrics: a priority metric, anormalized price metric, an advertiser value metric, a percentagedelivered metric, and an advertisement frequency metric.

The instructions for using the predetermined bid selection criteria toselect one or more bid responses includes for each of the one or oreadvertisement spaces, instructions for performing a first comparison ofat least two bid amounts associated with bid responses associated withthe respective advertisement space based on a normalized price metric;and if the first comparison yields a tie result, instructions forperforming one or more additional comparisons of the at least two bidamounts based on one or more of the following metrics: a prioritymetric, an advertiser value metric, a percentage delivered metric, andan advertisement frequency metric.

The instructions for using the predetermined bid selection criteria toselect one or more bid responses includes for each of the one or oreadvertisement spaces, instructions for performing a first comparison ofat least two bid amounts associated with bid responses associated withthe respective advertisement space based on a normalized price metric;and if the first comparison yields a tie result, instructions forrandomly selecting one of the bid responses.

The instructions for generating the advertising call response includeinstructions for generating an advertising call response that includesinformation sufficient to identify one or more advertisement creativesto be served to the impression consumer.

In general, in an aspect, a system provides an advertising platform, andthe system includes one or more decisioning subsystems, each decisioningsubsystem including a processor that is coupled to computer readablemedia having computer readable instructions recorded thereon forgenerating at least one bid response based on information included in abid request. The system includes a transaction management computingsubsystem including a processor that is coupled to computer readablemedia having computer readable instructions recorded thereon foridentifying one or more advertisement creatives to be served to animpression consumer. The processor is operable to execute the computerreadable instructions to: generate a bid request responsive to receiptof an advertising call, wherein the bid request includes informationsufficient to characterize the impression consumer and informationsufficient to characterize each of one or more advertisement spaces;select one or more decisioning subsystems within an advertising platformto receive the bid request; send the bid request to each of the selectedone or more decisioning subsystems; use predetermined bid selectioncriteria to select one or more bid responses from amongst the bidresponses returned by the selected one or more decisioning subsystems;and generate an advertising call response based on the selected one ormore bid responses.

Implementations of the system can include one or more of the followingfeatures. One or more decisioning subsystems and the transactionmanagement computing subsystem are physically colocated. At least one ofthe decisioning subsystems is operable to receive a bid guide thatspecifies a member-specific set of bidding rules. At least one of thedecisioning subsystems comprises a hosted bidder operated by theadvertising platform. The system includes a data store includinginformation associated with a plurality of impression consumers. Thesystem includes a first data management computing subsystem including aprocessor that is coupled to computer readable media having computerreadable instructions recorded thereon for maintaining informationstored in a user data store, wherein the processor is operable toexecute the computer readable instructions to: receive from thetransaction management computing subsystem a data retrieval requestincluding information sufficient to uniquely identify user data storeinformation associated with the impression consumer; and selectivelyupdate one or more components of the user data store informationassociated with the impression consumer.

The processor of the first data management subsystem is further operableto execute the computer readable instructions to generate a user datastore update message that identifies the selectively updated one or morecomponents of the user data store information associated with theimpression consumer. The processor of the first data managementsubsystem is further operable to execute the computer readableinstructions to send the user data store update message to one or moredifferent data management subsystem.

The system includes a first data management subsystem hosted in a serverin a first data center, the first data management subsystem and thetransaction management system being co-located within the first datacenter; a second data management subsystem hosted in a server in asecond data center, the first data center and the second data centerbeing connected via a network; wherein the first data managementsubsystem includes a processor that is coupled to computer readablemedia having computer readable instructions recorded thereon formaintaining information stored in a user data store of the first datacenter, the processor being operable to execute the computer readableinstructions to: receive from the transaction management computingsubsystem a data retrieval request including information sufficient touniquely identify information associated with the impression consumerthat is stored within the user data store of the first data center;selectively update one or more components of the user data store of thefirst data center based in part on the data retrieval request; andgenerate a user data store update message that identifies theselectively updated one or more components of the user data store of thefirst data center; and wherein the second data management subsystemincludes a processor that is coupled to computer readable media havingcomputer readable instructions recorded thereon for maintaininginformation stored in a user data store of the second data center, theprocessor being operable to execute the computer readable instructionsto: receive the user data store update message from the first datamanagement subsystem; and selectively update one or more components ofthe user data store of the second data center based in part on the userdata store update message.

The processor of the transaction management computing subsystem isfurther operable to execute the computer readable instructions togenerate a bid request responsive to receipt of a server-sideadvertising call, a client-side advertising call, or some combination ofboth.

In general, in an aspect, a system provides an advertising platform, thesystem including a transaction management computing subsystem includinga processor that is coupled to computer readable media having computerreadable instructions recorded thereon for identifying one or moreadvertisement creatives to be served to an impression consumer; and aplurality of data management subsystems including a first datamanagement subsystem hosted in a server in a first data center, thefirst data management subsystem and the transaction management systembeing co-located within the first data center, and a second datamanagement subsystem hosted in a server in a second data center, thefirst data center and the second data center being connected via anetwork; wherein the first data management subsystem includes aprocessor that is coupled to computer readable media having computerreadable instructions recorded thereon for maintaining informationstored in a user data store of the first data center, the processorbeing operable to execute the computer readable instructions to: receivefrom the transaction management computing subsystem a data retrievalrequest including information sufficient to uniquely identifyinformation associated with the impression consumer that is storedwithin the user data store of the first data center; selectively updateone or more components of the user data store of the first data centerbased in part on the data retrieval request; and generate a user datastore update message that identifies the selectively updated one or morecomponents of the user data store of the first data center; and whereinthe second data management subsystem includes a processor that iscoupled to computer readable media having computer readable instructionsrecorded thereon for maintaining information stored in a user data storeof the second data center, the processor being operable to execute thecomputer readable instructions to: receive the user data store updatemessage from the first data management subsystem; and selectively updateone or more components of the user data store of the second data centerbased in part on the user data store update message.

Implementations of the system can include one or more of the followingfeatures. The processor of the transaction management computingsubsystem is further operable to execute the computer readableinstructions to generate a bid request responsive to receipt of aserver-side advertising call, a client-side advertising call, or somecombination of both.

Other general aspects include other combinations of the aspects andfeatures described above and other aspects and features expressed asmethods, apparatus, systems, computer program products, and in otherways. It is clear that where the arrangement is described as a system orapparatus that it could equally be described as a method and vice versa.

An impression may be, for example, an advertising space, particularlyone available on a website. The advertising space is typically a visualspace, either for a still image or for moving images, but it could forexample be for advertising presented as sound or a combination of visualfeatures and sound features. An impression consumer is, for example, aperson who looks at websites on which advertising is provided. He or shemay be characterized by features such as age, income, and/or hobbies. Acreative is, for example, the content for an advertising space or, inother words, the advertisement itself, whether provided visually and/oras sound.

Other features and advantages of the invention are apparent from thefollowing description, and from the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an example of geographically dispersed multi-tenantenterprise data centers.

FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of an example advertising platformenvironment.

FIGS. 3A-3D each shows a ladder diagram of an exemplary use case.

FIG. 4 shows example implementations of an Imp Bus.

FIGS. 5A and 5B are flow charts for ad calls.

DESCRIPTION 1 Computer System or Advertising Platform

FIG. 1 shows geographically dispersed multi-tenant enterprise datacenters 102 that are connected via one or more backbone providers(illustratively depicted by the heavy black lines). Each data centergenerally includes servers 104, load balancing tools 108 to managetraffic within a single data center and between multiple data centers,and for routing users to the fastest data center 102, storage units 106,and security tools 110 to protect each tenant's data and privacy. Otherresources including power-, cooling- and telecommunication-relatedresources (not shown) are also included in each data center 102.

An infrastructure computer system for an advertising platform may behosted on one or more of the data centers 102. This infrastructure(“advertising platform”) provides an ecosystem (“cloud”) in whichentities associated with an impression trading industry may collaborateand share industry-specific information without the latency, bandwidth,and security issues typically associated with the public Internet. Suchindustry-specific information may include information associated with auser, a bidding provider, a member, a publisher page, a price, acreative, or some combination thereof

The advertising platform includes servers 104 of the data center 102that have been provisioned and deployed by data center tenants usingapplication programming interface (APIs) specific to the advertisingplatform. In general, each server 104 that is provisioned and deployedby a tenant is reserved for the exclusive use of that tenant. Doing soprovides some measure of predictability with respect to availableresources, and provides an extra layer of security and privacy withrespect to the tenant's data.

Various tenants of the data center 102 may assume different roles in thecontext of the impression trading industry. We describe each of theseroles briefly as follows:

-   -   Advertising platform provider: An entity provisions and deploys        a server 104 of the data center 102 to function as a transaction        management computing subsystem (at times referred to in this        description as a “platform impression bus” or simply “Imp Bus”)        that facilitates the transaction aspects of impression inventory        trading. In general, the Imp Bus processes ad requests, feeds        data to members, conducts auctions, returns ads to the        publishers, keeps track of billing and usage, returns        auction-result data, and enforces quality standards.    -   Impression seller member: An entity that sells impression        inventory may provision and deploy a server 104 of the data        center 102 to function as a web delivery engine that accepts        HTTP(s) requests from web browsers operable by impression        consumers. Such a web delivery engine may implement the        following features: authentication and authorization request        (e.g., request of username and password), handling of static and        dynamic content, content compression support, virtual hosting,        large file support, and bandwidth throttling, to name a few.    -   Impression buyer member: An entity that buys impression        inventory may provision and deploy a server 104 of the data        center 102 to serve creatives (e.g., in those instances in which        creatives are stored on a storage unit 106 within the data        center 102) or facilitate the serving of creatives (e.g., in        those instances in which creatives are stored on an ad server or        a content delivery network located on server outside of the data        center 102). The entity may be an advertiser (e.g., Visa Inc.),        an advertising network, an advertising agency (e.g., OMG        National), an advertising exchange (e.g., Right Media Exchange        by Yahoo! Inc.), or a publisher (e.g., MySpace).    -   Bidder: To buy impression inventory, each impression buyer        member engages a decisioning computing subsystem (e.g., a        bidder) to operate on its behalf. The term “bidder” generally        refers to a piece of technology rather than an entity that        operates it, and includes a bidding engine that takes various        pieces of bid-specific information as input and generates a bid        for a particular item of impression inventory on behalf of an        impression buyer member. The advertising platform provides        impression buyer members with a number of different bidder        options, including:        -   a. Use a member-specific bidder: The advertising platform            provider provides a source code skeleton and allows the            impression buyer partner to apply its own secret            optimization sauce to fill it in. In this case, the entity            that buys impression inventory will further deploy a server            104 of the data center 102 to host a member-specific bidder            for its exclusive use.        -   b. Use the hosted bidder: This bidder is designed, built,            hosted, and maintained by the advertising platform provider            and allows each impression buyer member to simply upload bid            guides or modify basic parameters, such as user data,            recency, location, etc. In some instances, multiple            impression buyer members use the hosted bidder.        -   c. Use a Bidding Provider: A bidding provider is an entity            that provisions and deploys a server 104 of the data center            102 to operate a bidder on behalf of one or more impression            buyer members with which it is contractually engaged. The            bidder operable by the Bidding Provider generally includes a            proprietary optimization bidding engine.

Each tenant of the data center 102 may further assume additional ordifferent roles than that described above.

The advertising platform also includes a cluster of high-performancestorage units 106 of the data center 102. Data stored by a tenant on astorage unit 106 of the data center 102 may be accessed exclusively bythat tenant, or shared with other tenants within the data center if soconfigured. The types of data that may be stored include advertisingtags (“ad tags”), reserve price information, creatives, reserve creativeinformation, cookie information, and market analysis information. Otherinformation that may facilitate the trading of impression inventorywithin the platform may also be stored on storage units of the datacenter.

1.1 Impression Inventory and Ad Tags

The interactive nature of the Internet provides a number of advertisingsolutions that take advantage of the two-way communication and directconnections established between browser and content server for everyuser. Web pages, web-enabled video games, web-based broadcasts ofmultimedia programming, and web-enabled photo frames are just a fewexamples of the types of multimedia streams in which electronicadvertisements may be injected. Traditionally, creatives (includingstill images and video advertisements) appear in ad spaces that arelocated within a web page. More recently, web-enabled video games havebeen coded to enable a creative to be dynamically loaded within an adspace of a game frame (e.g., in a billboard on the side of a highway ofa car racing game, and in signage affixed to a roof of a taxi cab in acharacter role playing game). Similarly, web-based broadcasts ofmultimedia programming (e.g., a live broadcast or on-demand replay of asporting event) may be coded to enable a creative to be dynamicallyloaded within an ad space of a broadcast frame (e.g., an ad space behindhome plate during the broadcast of the sporting event) or within an adspace between broadcast frames (e.g., an ad space that coincides with alive commercial break). Web-enabled photo frames are generallyconfigured to receive digital photos from photosharing sites, RSS feeds,and social networking sites through wired or wireless communicationlinks. Other electronic content, such as news, weather, sports, andfinancial data may also be displayed on the web-enabled photo frame.

Each of the multimedia stream types described above provides a host ofcreative serving opportunities. To facilitate the transaction ofimpression inventory on the platform, an impression seller member (e.g.,a publisher of a web site or a video game) may associate each creativeserving opportunity with an ad tag. In general, an ad tag specifiesinformation indicative of attributes of an ad space with which the adtag is associated. In the case of an ad space within a web page, the adtag may specify the language of the text displayed on the page, thenature (e.g., business, politics, entertainment, sports, and technology)of the content being displayed on the page, the geographical focus(e.g., international, national, and local) of the web page content, thephysical dimensions of the ad space, and the region of the page the adspace is located. In the case of an ad space within a web-enabled videogame, the ad tag may specify the video game category (e.g., roleplaying, racing, sports, puzzle, and fighting), the age appropriatenessof the video game (e.g., via an Entertainment Software Rating Board(ESRB) rating symbol: early childhood, everyone, everyone 10+, mature,teen, and adults only), and the nature of the content being displayedwithin the game frame (e.g., via an Entertainment Software Rating Board(ESRB) content descriptor: alcohol reference, animated blood, crudehumor, intense violence, language, mature humor, nudity, tobaccoreference, and drug reference). In the case of an ad space within aweb-based broadcast of multimedia programming, the ad tag may specifythe language of the audio associated with the programming, the nature(e.g., business, politics, entertainment, sports, and technology) of thecontent associated with the programming, the geographical focus of theprogramming, and the time of day the programming is being broadcast liveor the time period in which the programming is available on demand.

In some implementations of the advertising platform, a platform-specificad tag may be generated and associated with ad space(s). In addition tothe types of information described above, other types of information,such as a universal inventory identifier, a reserve price, and a list ofapproved universal advertiser identifiers, may also be associated with aplatform-specific ad tag. The information associated with any givenplatform-specific ad tag may be specified server-side (e.g.,tag_id=123&ad_profile id=456) or maintained within the platform by aserver-side mapping (e.g., Imp Bus maintains a server-side mapping oftag_id=123 to ad_profile_id=456). In the latter case, once an ad spacehas been tagged, information associated with the platform-specific adtag may be easily modified by adding or otherwise changing theinformation within the platform without having to re-tag the ad space.

Each universal inventory identifier uniquely identifies a multimediastream within the platform. As an example, a “large” multimedia stream(e.g., the news website CNN.com) may be divided into multiple multimediastreamlets (e.g., CNN.com/entertainment, CNN.com/health,CNN.com/technology, and CNN.com/travel), where each multimedia streamletis assigned a universal inventory identifier within the platform. Bycontrast, a “small” multimedia stream (e.g., the news websiteBostonHerald.com) may be assigned only one universal inventoryidentifier. The inclusion of a universal inventory identifier within aplatform-specific ad tag enables bidders to refer to impressioninventory associated with a particular multimedia stream in a commonway. The size of the impression inventory associated with a multimediastream is not the only factor in determining whether a multimedia streamis assigned one universal inventory identifier or multiple universalinventory identifiers. Other factors, such as the multimedia streambrand, may also be in play. For example, a single universal inventoryidentifier may be assigned to a “large” multimedia stream (e.g., webpages with a myspace.com domain name) based on its brand identity.

In some cases, a multimedia stream or some aspect of it includesimpression inventory that is designated within the platform as “direct”inventory. In general, direct inventory refers to impression inventorythat is part of a pre-existing media buy. Such a media buy is typicallyestablished by way of a contractual agreement between an impressionseller member and an impression buyer member. The contractual agreementspecifies the specific impression inventory that is subject to anexclusive first right of refusal on the part of the impression buyermember, and the reserve price that bidders other than the bidderoperating on behalf of the impression buyer member must meet in order totake the impression inventory away. This process will be described inmore detail below with respect to the exemplary use cases in thefollowing section.

In some cases, a multimedia stream or some aspect of it includesimpression inventory that may only be acquired by certain impressionbuyer members, or more specifically, impression buyer members that servea specific brand of ad creatives. In such cases, a bidder performs anoffline process that synchronizes creatives and/or brands that areapproved or banned to run on the impression inventory with a specific adprofile ID that is subsequently passed along on the bid request.

1.2 Ad Creatives

Ad creatives for various campaigns may be stored in storage units of thedata center that function as an ad server for an impression buyerpartner or hosted on ad servers and content delivery networks outside ofthe platform.

In some implementations of the advertising platform, an impression buyerpartner is required to provide information that characterizes each adcreative that may be served responsive to ad calls from the platform,and store such information within the platform. Such information mayinclude attribute information that characterizes the type, dimensions,and content of the ad creative, and information (e.g., a redirect to acontent delivery network) that identifies where the ad creative can beretrieved from. In other implementations of the advertising platform, itis merely recommended that such information be stored within theplatform and therefore accessible by the bidder acting on behalf of theimpression buyer partner with minimal latency during the real-timebidding process (described in more detail below). In still otherimplementations of the advertising platform, the advertising platformprovider itself looks at the creatives and supplies any of theseattributes.

1.3 Creative Approval

In some embodiments, the creatives that are served in response to adcalls from the advertising platform conform to requirements, such aslegality, decency, and common sense. For instance, creatives thatpromote gambling; depict libelous, violent, tasteless, hate, dematory,or illegal content; portray partial or complete nudity, pornography,and/or adult themes or obscene content; are deceptive or purposelymislabeled; or spawn pops, simulate clicks, or contain malicious code,viruses, or executable files are generally not permitted.

Some publishers may prefer the creatives that are served to theirinventory to comply to even more restrictive standards, for instance inorder to maintain the reputation of the publisher's brand or to avoidpromoting a rival. To simplify and speed the creative approval processfor publishers, a list of preapproved creatives may be generated andmaintained by a creative auditing computing subsystem on the advertisingplatform. When creating ad profiles, impression seller members cansearch for and/or elect to automatically approve creatives on this list,thus effectively outsourcing initial creative approval to aplatform-based audit. For instance, the platform-based audit may reviewcreatives for features such as having a meaningful and easilydiscernable brand or product offering; rotating images but not rotatingbrands or products; and having a brand on a platform-based list ofapproved brands. Additionally, the platform-based audit may prohibitcreatives offering sweepstakes, giveaways, quizzes, surveys, or otherbrand-less games. If a brand is not discernable in a creative, it willnot be approved and will run only on a member's exclusive inventory.Creatives that are modified after they have been audited will return toa ‘pending’ status until they can be audited again. In some instances,advertisers may be charged a nominal fee in order to have theircreatives audited.

Impression seller members (e.g., publishers) may also review and approvecreatives on a case-by-case basis by creating an ad profile. If nodefault ad profile is created for a publisher, all creatives will beallowed to run on the publisher's domain. An ad profile includes threeelements: members, brands, and creatives. Member- and brand-levelapproval standards can be used to reduce the number of creatives thatneed to be explicitly approved. For instance, when setting up the adprofile, a publisher may choose “trusted” for members and brands thatthe publisher believes will always present acceptable ads. If a memberor brand is marked as “trusted,” all creatives of that member or brandwill run by default, mitigating the need to audit each of thatmember's/brand's creatives. However, the publisher can override thisdefault by reviewing the creatives and banning individually anycreatives of the trusted brand. The publisher may mark other members orbrands as “case-by-case,” meaning that none of the creatives of thatmember or brand will run until explicitly approved by the publisher. Thepublisher may also mark members or brands as “banned,” in which casenone of the creatives of the banned member or brand will be shown. If amember or brand is banned, there is no ability to override the ban andapprove a specific creative without knowing and searching for anindividual creative ID. In some instances, a separate ad profile iscreated for each advertising campaign. The ad profiles are stored by thetransaction management computing subsystem in an impression seller datastore associated with the corresponding impression seller member andupdated upon receipt of a new or updated profile. For more granularcontrol over quality standards, the publisher may also approve and banat the level of individual creatives. To review specific creatives, thepublisher can search for creatives using specific criteria. A preview ofthe creative will appear and the publisher selects whether to approve orban the creative.

1.4 Inventory Approval

Similarly, in some embodiments, publishers are required to conform tocertain standards of legality, decency, and common sense. For instance,publishers that embody any of the following characteristics aregenerally not permitted to participate in the advertising platform:desktop applications, download accelerators, non-website based widgetsand/or toolbars; gambling (free, paid, or gateway to paid gambling);libelous, violent, tasteless, hate, defamatory, or illegal content; ornudity, pornography, and/or adult themes or obscene content; peer topeer, bit torrent, or other websites facilitating illegal file sharing;proxy sites facilitating anonymous web browsing; sites enabling orpermitting illegal activities and/or copyright infringement; or Warez ormp3 downloads.

Inventory may be grouped into predefined lists such that bidder clientscan make decisions about a large amount of inventory simply by knowingthe group to which the inventory belongs. The site that each impressionthat passes through the Imp Bus belongs to is on a single class list.The list to which a particular site and its corresponding impressionbelongs is communicated along with the ad call to each bidderparticipating in an auction. Individual bidders are then free to maketheir own decisions about whether to bid on that impression.

For instance, inventory may be categorized as Class 1, Class 2,unaudited or Black List. Class 1 inventory has been audited by aplatform-based auditor and represents many of the most popular publisherbrands on the Internet. Each of the URLs on the Class 1 list has aminimum monthly volume, e.g., 100,000 impressions per month, and iscertified to pass global inventory content standards. The Class 1 listis intended to be completely safe for any brand advertiser to purchase.Class 1 inventory does not contain sites that feature user-generatedcontent or social media. Bidders accept Class 1 inventory by default.

Class 2 inventory includes inventory that has been audited but does notmeet the Class 1 volume or content criteria, but does meet the globalinventory content standards. Social networking content is included inClass 2 inventory. For instance, myspace.com, although a top publisherthat by volume satisfies the Class 1 criteria, is placed on the Class 2list because it is social media. Bidders accept Class 2 inventory bydefault. If a bidder has chosen not to accept Class 2 inventory but alsoowns a Class 2 publisher, the bidder will receive its own Class 2traffic.

All other inventory that passes through the Imp Bus is assigned theunaudited inventory label. Sites remain categorized as unaudited untilaudited and assigned to another categorization. To ensure maximumadvertiser brand protection, bidders by default do not accept unauditedinventory; however, a flag can be set to enable unaudited inventory ifdesired. If a bidder does not accept unaudited inventory but owns anunaudited publisher, the bidder will receive its own unaudited traffic.

Inventory contained in the Black List violates inventory contentstandards and has been prohibited (i.e., it will never reach the auctionmarketplace). If the inventory originates from a Price Check tag(discussed in greater detail below), the inventory will be redirected tobe handled by other demand sources. If the impression originates from aTinyTag (discussed in greater detail below), the ad server will returnno content to the browser, essentially blanking the ad space.

1.5 Multi-Tenant Server-Side User Data Store

In some implementations of the advertising platform, a multi-tenant userdata store (also referred to in this description as a “server-side userdata store”) is provisioned within the platform by a first user datastore management component to enable members of the impression tradingindustry to synchronize their user data information with a common set ofplatform-specific user IDs.

Each platform-specific user ID of the server-side user data store isstored in association with data, some of which may be specific to aparticular impression consumer (e.g., data characterizing the impressionconsumer). In general, data that is stored in association with aplatform-specific user ID is supplemented and appended to over thecourse of time as the impression consumer interacts with web deliveryengines within the platform.

In some implementations, all data stored in association with aplatform-specific user ID may be shared between all tenants of the datacenter(s). In other implementations, mechanisms may be put in place tolimit access to the data stored in association with a platform-specificuser ID based on certain criteria. For example, certain impressiontrading industry members may have contractual agreements that specifyexclusive sharing of data stored in association with a particular set(or sets) of platform-specific user IDs regardless of which web deliveryengine a content request is directed to. In another example, animpression trading industry member may specify that all data stored inassociation with a particular set (or sets) of platform-specificuser-ids may be shared with respect to a particular set of web deliveryengines, some of which may be associated with other impression tradingindustry members.

In one specific implementation, user data information stored inassociation with a platform-specific user ID is formed by multiplesegments of key-value pairs, where one or more key-value pairs maydefine each segment. Access permissions may be associated with one,some, or all of the segments to control which member(s) access (e.g.,read and/or write) the user data information of respective segments.

One issue that may arise following the serving of ads to a singleimpression consumer by impression seller partners located ingeographically dispersed data centers is “synching collision.” Synchingcollision occurs when multiple impression seller members attempt tosimultaneously sync their user data information with a particularsegment of key-value pairs that defines the user data information storedin association with a particular impression consumer's platform-specificuser-id. This is best described with an example.

A user 12345 has two browser windows open, one pointing to a landingpage of www.SiteAAA.com, which is hosted on a web server (“SiteAAA webserver”) located in New York City, N.Y., and the other pointing to alanding page of www.SiteBBB.com, which is hosted on a web server(“SiteBBB web server”) located in San Jose, Calif. Each web server makesan ad call to the platform when the user 12345 navigates to respectivepages of www.SiteAAA.com and www.SiteBBB.com, each of which includes atleast one creative serving opportunity. This has the effect of causingthe advertising platform to receive two impression requests for user12345, one from the SiteAAA web server, which gets routed to theplatform's New York City data center, and the other from the SiteBBB webserver, which gets routed to the platform's Los Angeles, Calif. datacenter. Each of the platform's data centers includes a server-side userdata store that has in it a variable global-frequency associated withuser-id=12345.

Suppose, at time t=0, the global-frequency key-value pair of a user'simpression frequency counter for user-id=12345 is “25”. Traditionallywith cookies, the global-frequency is set to a fixed value. Synchingcollision occurs when two impression requests are received nearlysimultaneously and a “set global-frequency to 26” notification is sentresponsive to both impression requests. In other words, only one of theimpression requests is logged in the user data store even though two arereceived. To avoid this situation, the advertising platform isimplemented to send an “increment global frequency by 1” notificationresponsive each of the impression requests. Returning to the exampleabove, the New York City data center will increment the global-frequencykey-value pair for user-id=12345 to “26” to account for the ad callreceived from www.SiteAAA.com and transmit a message to the Los Angelesdata center to apply the same logic; the Los Angles data center willincrement the global-frequency key-value pair for user-id=12345 to “27”to account for the ad call received from www.SiteBBB.com and transmit amessage to the New York City data center to apply the same logic. Inthis manner, even though the messages are processed in different orderon each site the final result is the same. That is, the global-frequencykey-value pair for user-id=12345 goes from “25” to “27”. User data storeinformation is replicated consistently across multiple data centers.

1.6 Multi-Tenant Client-Side User Data Store

Each bidder is assigned a section of cookie space, known as aclient-side user data store, in each user's browser. A bidder may freelypush and pull data into or out of its own client-side user data store oneach impression or pixel call. The data pushed into a particularbidder's client-side user data store is passed into requests for thatbidder only, unless data contracts exist to allow the sharing of datawith other bidders. However, when data is stored client-side by anadvertiser outside of the user data store associated with theadvertising platform provider, that data is inaccessible during an adcall, because the advertising platform domain, rather than theadvertiser domain is accessing the cookie. For this reason, data storedby the bidder is preferably stored synchronously in the client-side userdata store by piggybacking a pixel call from the advertising platform.

In some implementations, user data is passed to the client-side userdata store using a JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) mechanism. Theadvertising platform provider will execute a JavaScript function storedin each bidder's server-side context store and store the results in thatbidder's section of the user's client-side user data store. Strings,integers, vectors, hash tables, and combinations of these may be storedand manipulated server side using a fully featured programming languagesuch as JavaScript 1.8.1.

More particularly, a bidder's user data is stored in the user's cookieas a JSON object. During a bid request, the JSON object is forwarded tothe bidder. If no JSON object exists, an empty object “{}” may bereturned. The JSON object is parsed for reading using libraries providedby the advertising platform provider. Instead of creating a new JSONobject to send back to the client-side user data store, a bidderincludes in the bid response a call to a predefined JavaScript functionstored in association with that bidder. The JavaScript function, whichoperates on a global variable containing the user data, is executed bythe Imp Bus, and the results are stored in the client-side user datastore. In some embodiments, the advertising platform provider mayprovide functions for use or customization.

For instance, a bidder may wish to track the number of times a creativehas been shown to a particular user or the most recent time an ad wasshown to that user. In response to receipt of a notification that acreative has been served, a predefined function provided by theadvertising platform provider may enable frequency and recency variablesassociated with that user to be incremented.

In some embodiments, each data provider or bidder has its own scheme forinternally identifying users. In order to enable integration between thebidder and the Imp Bus, the bidder-specific user ID for each user ismapped to the platform-specific user ID for the same user.

In general, the platform-specific user ID is stored in a client-sideuser data store, such as in a client-side browser cookie. The mappingbetween bidder user ID and platform-specific user ID may exist in thebidder's data store, the server-side cookie store of the advertisingplatform, or both. In some instances, the bidder's user IDs are storedwithin the bidder's reserved section of the client-side user data store.In this case, the bidder's user ID is included in each request thebidder receives from the Imp Bus, such as bid requests and pixelrequests. In other instances, the mapping information is stored withinthe bidder's data store. In this case, when impression or pixel requestsare received by the bidder related to a platform-specific user-id, thebidder looks up the mapping information in its own data stores.

2 In Operation

Referring also to FIGS. 2 and 3A-3E, in some examples, an impressionseller member hosts a web site (e.g., “SiteXYZ.com”) on a web server(“SiteXYZ web server” 202). The web site provides a number of creativeserving opportunities, each of which is associated with aplatform-specific ad tag.

A request for a page of SiteXYZ.com that is generated by an impressionconsumer's web browser is received (301) by the SiteXYZ web server 202.If the requested page includes one or more creative servingopportunities, the web server 202 makes an ad call (302) to the platformby redirecting the page request to the Imp Bus 204. The Imp Bus 204examines a browser header of the page request to determine if aplatform-specific user ID is included therein.

In the following sections, we describe a number of exemplary use casesfollowing an ad call to the platform. Actions taken by various actorswithin the platform are tagged with respective reference numerals. Tominimize the repetition of textual description, we may at times in thefollowing sections cite a reference numeral as shorthand for an actionthat may be taken by an actor within or outside the platform.

2.1 Use Case #1 (FIG. 3A): Known Impression Consumer, No Restrictions onData Sharing, Open Platform-Based Auction

If a platform-specific user ID (e.g., User ID 1234) is found within thebrowser header, the Imp Bus 204 deems the page request as originatingfrom a “known” impression consumer, and retrieves (303, 304) from aserver-side cookie store 206 within the platform, data that has beenstored in association with the platform-specific user-id.

Let us assume for this use case that none of the creative servingopportunities on the requested page is restricted (e.g., theplatform-specific ad tag does not specify a list of approved universaladvertiser identifiers) with respect to impression buyer members thatmay win an open platform-based auction to serve a creative. Let usfurther assume that data retrieved from the server-side cookie store maybe shared between impression trading industry members withoutconstraints.

The Imp Bus 204 or transaction management computing subsystem generatesa bid request that provides a multi-faceted characterization of eachcreative-serving opportunity of the requested page. In someimplementations, there is a one-to-one correspondence betweencreative-serving opportunities and bid requests, i.e., a bid request isgenerated for each ad tag associated with the requested page. In someimplementations, the multiple ad tags associated with the requested pageare handled in a single bid request.

In general, the bid request includes information that characterizes theimpression consumer (e.g., based on data retrieved from the server-sidecookie store), the ad space (e.g., based on information associated withthe platform-specific ad tag itself, such as data uniquely identifyingthe impression seller member, an impression inventory identifier, animpression inventory categorization identifier, or a universalimpression inventory identifier; or data characterizing the impression,the impression seller member, the impression inventory source, or animpression inventory category), and an auction identifier. Because thereare no constraints placed on the sharing of data between impressiontrading industry members, one bid request (e.g., Bid request Common 305)may be generated and sent to all bidders 208, 210, 212.

The Imp Bus 204 sends (305) the bid request to each bidder 208, 210, 212within the platform. The information included in the bid request is used(at least in part) by a bidding engine of each bidder 208, 210, 212 or adecisioning processor of a decisioning subsystem to generate a real-timebid response on behalf of an impression buyer member 214, 216, 218, 220,222 with which the bidder 208, 210, 212 is associated, and return (306)the bid response to the Imp Bus 204. At a minimum, the bid responseidentifies a bid price, determined, for instance, using optimizationtechniques; and a creative that is to be served should the bid beidentified as the winning bid of a platform-based auction. Recall that abidder (e.g., Bidder A 208) may be associated with multiple impressionbuyer members (e.g., Impression Buyer Member M 214 and Impression BuyerMember N 216). In such instances, the bidding engine may be operable toconduct an internal auction to identify a winning bid from amongst theeligible campaigns of its associated impression buyer members, and togenerate a bid response for the platform-based auction based on theresult of the internal auction.

The Imp Bus 204 or transaction management computing subsystem identifiesa winning bid from amongst the bid responses returned by the bidders208, 210, 212 or decisioning subsystems within a predetermined responsetime period (e.g., measured in milliseconds). Although in mostinstances, the “winning bid” is the bid associated with the highestdollar value, and the “best price” for a creative serving opportunity isthe price that yields the highest revenue for the impression sellermember, there are instances in which the “winning bid” and the “bestprice” are based on other metrics, such as ad frequency. If the winningbid response is associated with a creative that has not been approved bythe impression seller member, the second-ranked bid response isselected. The Imp Bus 204 returns (307) a URL that identifies a locationof a creative of the winning bid to the SiteXYZ web server 202. In thedepicted example, the SiteXYZ web server 202 returns (308) to theimpression consumer's web browser 224 the requested page, which isembedded with an impression tracking mechanism that causes theimpression consumer's web browser 224 to first point to the Imp Bus (foruse by the Imp Bus in counting the impression as served) andsubsequently cause the impression consumer's web browser 224 to retrieve(309, 310) the ad creative to be served from an ad server 226 within theplatform or a server of a content delivery network 228. In anotherexample, the SiteXYZ web server 202 returns to the impression consumer'sweb browser the requested page, a first URL that points to the adcreative to be served, and a second URL that points to the Imp Bus (foruse by the Imp Bus in counting the impression as served).

2.2 Use Case #2 (FIG. 3B): Known Impression Consumer, Some Restrictionson Data Sharing, Open Platform-Based Auction

The Imp Bus performs actions (303, 304) as described above.

Let us assume for this use case that restrictions have been placed onthe sharing of data retrieved from the server-side cookie store 206between some of the impression trading industry members. For eachimpression trading member, the Imp Bus 204 examines the restrictions toidentify the subset of data retrieved from the server-side cookie storethat may be shared with that impression trading member. For eachcreative serving opportunity of the requested page, the Imp Bus 204generates an impression trading member-specific bid request (e.g., Bidrequest A-specific and Bid request B-specific) that provides amulti-faceted characterization of that creative serving opportunity. Ingeneral, the bid request includes information that characterizes theimpression consumer (e.g., based on the subset of data retrieved fromthe server-side cookie store that may be shared with that impressiontrading member), the ad space (e.g., based on information associatedwith the platform-specific ad tag itself), and an auction identifier.

The Imp Bus 204 sends (315) the appropriate bid request to each bidder208, 210, 212 within the platform, which acts on the bid requests in amanner similar to that described above and returns (316) bid responsesto the Imp Bus 204. The Imp Bus 204 identifies a winning bid fromamongst the bid responses returned by the bidders 208, 210, 212, andreturns (307) a URL that identifies a location of a creative of thewinning bid to the SiteXYZ web server 202. Actions (308, 309, 310) areperformed as described above to effect the delivery of an ad creative.

2.3 Use Case #3 (FIG. 3C): Known High Value Impression Consumer, NoPlatform-Based Auction

The Imp Bus 204 performs actions (303, 304) as described above.

The Imp Bus 204 examines each platform-specific ad tag found within thebrowser header to determine whether the corresponding creative servingopportunity on the requested page is part of a particular impressionbuyer member's pre-existing media buy. For each creative servingopportunity on the requested page that is part of an impression buyermember's pre-existing media buy, the Imp Bus 204 generates a bid request(e.g., Bid request Exclusive) that provides a multi-facetedcharacterization of that creative serving opportunity and directs (325)that bid request to the bidder (e.g., Bidder B 210) within the platformthat is operating on behalf of that particular impression buyer member(e.g., Impression Buyer Member O 218).

The bidder (in this example, Bidder B 210) that receives the bid requestexamines the information that characterizes the impression consumer todetermine the value of the impression consumer to the impression buyermember (in this example, Impression Buyer Member O 218) for whom thecreative serving opportunity constitutes a pre-existing media buy. Ifthe value of the impression consumer exceeds a predetermined threshold,the bidder (in this example, Bidder B 210) selects a creative from acampaign associated with the impression buyer member (in this example,Impression Buyer Member O 218) for whom the creative serving opportunityconstitutes a pre-existing media buy, and returns (326) to the Imp Bus204 a redirect identifying the location of the selected creative. TheImp Bus 204 sends (327) this redirect to the SiteXYZ web server 202.Actions (308, 309, 310) are performed as described above to effect thedelivery of an ad creative.

2.4 Use Case #4 (FIG. 3D): Known Low Value Impression Consumer, NoRestrictions on Data Sharing, Constrained Platform-Based Auction

The Imp Bus 204 performs actions (303, 304) described above. In thisexample, data retrieved from the server-side cookie store 206 may beshared between impression trading industry members without constraints.

The Imp Bus 204 examines each platform-specific ad tag found within thebrowser header to determine whether the corresponding creative servingopportunity on the requested page is part of a particular impressionbuyer member's pre-existing media buy. For each creative servingopportunity on the requested page that is part of an impression buyermember's pre-existing media buy, the Imp Bus 204 generates a bid request(e.g., Bid request Common) that provides a multi-facetedcharacterization of that creative serving opportunity and directs (335)that bid request to the bidder (in this example, Bidder C 212) withinthe platform that is operating on behalf of that particular impressionbuyer member (in this example, Impression Buyer Member Q 222). Ingeneral, the bid request includes information that characterizes theimpression consumer (e.g., based on data retrieved from the server-sidecookie store), the ad space (e.g., based on information associated withthe platform-specific ad tag itself), and an auction identifier.

The bidder (in this example, Bidder C 212) that receives the bid requestexamines the information that characterizes the impression consumer todetermine the value of the impression consumer to the impression buyermember (in this example, Impression Buyer Member Q 222) for whom thecreative serving opportunity constitutes a pre-existing media buy. Ifthe value of the impression consumer does not exceed a predeterminedthreshold, the bidder returns (336) the Imp Bus 204 an auctionnotification which includes a redirect that identifies a location of areserve creative and a reserve price that other bidders must meet inorder to take the creative serving opportunity away from the impressionbuyer member (in this example, Impression Buyer Member Q 222) for whomthe creative serving opportunity constitutes a pre-existing media buy.

Because there are no constraints placed on the sharing of data betweenimpression trading industry members, the Imp Bus 204 may send (337) thepreviously-generated bid request (e.g., Bid request Common—nowconsidered a secondary bid request) to each of the other bidders (inthis example, Bidder A 208 and Bidder B 210) within the platform. Eachof those bidders examines the information that characterizes theimpression consumer to determine the value of the impression consumer toits associated impression buyer members (in this example, ImpressionBuyer Member M 214 and Impression Buyer Member N 216 are associated withBidder A 208, and Impression Buyer Member O 218 is associated withBidder B 210), and optionally generates a bid response to be returned(338) to the Imp Bus 204.

The Imp Bus 204 first eliminates from contention those bid responseshaving a bid price that fails to meet or exceed the reserve priceincluded in the auction notification. If all of the returned bidresponses are eliminated, the Imp Bus 204 sends (339) the redirect thatwas included in the auction notification to the SiteXYZ web server 202.If, however, at least one of the returned bid responses meets or exceedsthe reserve price included in the auction notification, the Imp Bus 204identifies a winning bid, and returns (339) to the SiteXYZ web server202 a redirect that identifies a location of a creative of the winningbid. Actions (308, 309, 310) are performed as described above to effectthe delivery of an ad creative.

Suppose, for example, that the impression buyer member (in this example,Impression Buyer Member Q 222) is an advertising agency and the creativeserving opportunity on the requested page is part of the impressionbuyer member's pre-existing media buy for a first advertiser oradvertising network. The advertising agency may choose to have itsbidder (in this example, Bidder C 212) conduct an internal auction toidentify a winning bid from amongst the eligible campaigns of the otheradvertisers and advertising networks associated with the advertisingagency in those instances in which the value of the impression consumerto the first advertiser or advertising network does not exceed apredetermined threshold. Only if the winning bid resulting from theinternal auction does not meet the reserve price set by the firstadvertiser or advertising network for that creative serving opportunitydoes the bidder (in this example, Bidder C 212) return to the Imp Bus204 an auction notification as described above.

2.5 Bid Request

As described above, a bid request generally includes information thatcharacterizes the impression consumer (e.g., based on data retrievedfrom the server-side cookie store), the ad space (e.g., based oninformation associated with the platform-specific ad tag itself), and anauction identifier. A bid request may further include the followinginformation:

-   -   a. Members: If included, a bidder may only consider the        campaigns and creatives associated with impression buyer members        having identifiers included in the Members array of identifiers.    -   b. Userdata: The userdata attached to the user's cookie owned by        the bidder receiving the request.    -   c. Frequency: The total number of impressions for this user        across the platform.    -   d. Clicks: The total number of clicks for this user across the        platform.    -   e. Recency: The number of minutes since the last impression for        this user across the platform.    -   f. Session Frequency: The number of impressions in this session        for this user.    -   g. Estimated Winning Bid Price: The price estimated to win the        bid, based on predetermined and/or historical criteria (see        below).

2.6 Bid Response

As described above, a bid response typically includes a bid price and acreative that are to be served should the bid be identified as thewinning bid of a platform-based auction. A bid response may furtherinclude the following information:

-   -   a. Member ID: This is the identifier of the impression buyer        member whose creative is chosen by the bidder from the “Members”        array of identifiers in the bid request.    -   b. Exclusive: This flag (‘yes’ or ‘no’) indicates to the Imp Bus        that the creative serving opportunity constitutes a pre-existing        media buy and the creative provided in the bid response is to be        served. No other bidders will be allowed to compete for the        creative serving opportunity.    -   c. No bid: This flag (‘yes’ or ‘no’) indicates to the Imp Bus        that the bidder has returned a valid response but has chosen not        to bid.    -   d. Price: The price, expressed as a CPM, that the bidder is        willing to pay for this impression. If exclusive, this is used        only for reporting purposes; if not exclusive, this value        represents a reserve set by the bidder.    -   e. Userdata: Data to attach to the user (by storing in        association with the user's platform-specific user-id) if the        bid response is selected as the winning bid.    -   f. Creative ID: The ID of the creative to be served if the bid        response is selected as the winning bid.    -   g. Used Data Provider: Third-party data providers charge a fee        when their information is used to target or optimize an ad.        Contractually, bidders must accurately report this by setting        the appropriate flag (used_(—)3rdPartyA, used_(—)3rdPartyB, etc)        in the bid response.

2.7 Result Notification

At the conclusion of a platform-based auction, the Imp Bus 204 may beimplemented to generate a result notification for each bidder 208, 210,212 that submitted a bid response responsive to a bid request. Theinformation included in a result notification may vary depending uponimplementation and circumstance. Examples of such information include:

-   -   a. Auction ID: An auction identifier that uniquely identifies        this particular auction from amongst all of the platform-based        auctions that have taken place within the platform.    -   b. Transaction ID: A transaction identifier that uniquely        identifies a transaction in the auction.    -   c. Valid Bid: This flag (“yes” or “no”) reports to the bidder        the receipt of a valid bid response    -   d. No Bid: This flag (“yes” or “no”) reports to the bidder the        receipt of a no-bid response.    -   e. Impression Won: This parameter notifies the bidder as to        whether its bid response resulted in a winning auction and        impression served.    -   f. Impression Won/Deferred: This parameter notifies the bidder        that its bid response resulted in a winning auction but serving        of its impression is being deferred.    -   g. Winning Price: This value represents the bid price that won        the auction.

In some implementations, this parameter is excluded if the reserve pricespecified by the impression seller member is not met.

-   -   h. Bid Price: This value represents the bid price submitted by        the bidder in this particular auction.    -   i. Estimated Winning Bid Price: This value represents a price        that was estimated to win this particular auction, based on        predetermined and/or historical bid data.    -   j. Member ID: This value identifies the impression buyer member        for whom the bidder operated on behalf of in this particular        auction. Typically, this value is provided to the Imp Bus in the        bidder's bid response.    -   k. Bidder ID: This value identifies the bidder used in this        particular auction.    -   l. Response Time: When provided, this value represents the        number of milliseconds that elapsed between the sending of a bid        request to a bidder and the receipt of a bid response from that        bidder. This parameter is excluded if no bid response is        received by the Imp Bus.    -   m. Revenue Generated: This value represents revenue generated by        the sale of an impression.    -   n. Impression Consumer: This parameter reports information        associated with the impression consumer or the impression        consumer's web browser.    -   o. Impression Consumer's Response: This parameter reports        information associated with the impression consumer's response        to a creative that was served.    -   p. Impression: This parameter reports information associated        with the impression or advertising space.    -   q. Creative: This parameter represents or characterizes the        creative selected to be served.    -   r. Ad Tag: This parameter includes information associated with        the ad tag.    -   s. Third-party ID: This parameter identifies any third-party        data providers that contributed data towards the generation of a        bid response.

The information provided in the result notification may be used by abidder 208, 210, 212 or decisioning subsystem to fine tune or otherwisemodify its bidding strategy to better position itself to win futureplatform-based auctions. Suppose, for example, that a bidderconsistently loses a platform-based auction with a bid of $2.00 for acar buyer on nytimes.com/autos. By examining the “Winning Price”information provided in the result notification, the bidder may tweakits future bid price to maximize its potential to win such aplatform-based auction without overpaying for the impression. Similarly,by examining the “Response Time” information provided in the resultnotification, the bidder may determine that its bid response is beingreceived outside of the predetermined response time period set by theImp Bus 204 and tweak its bidding algorithm to accelerate the rate atwhich its bid response is generated and returned to the Imp Bus 204.

A bidder can also pass the Imp Bus 204 or transaction managementcomputing subsystem additional information (e.g., a user ID, a userfrequency, a campaign ID) to be passed back to the same bidder during aresult notification. This additional information can also be useful tothe bidder or to the impression buyer member to manipulate biddingstrategy or to understand the results of an ad campaign.

2.8 Transparency

From the advertising platform provider's standpoint, there areadvantages to preventing impression trading industry members fromobtaining detailed information about any one particular impressionconsumer or creative serving opportunities within the platform. Forexample, this minimizes the potential for an impression trading industrymember to sign up to transact on the platform for a short period of timesimply for the purposes of obtaining detailed information aboutimpression consumers, and quitting after a sufficient amount of detailedinformation has been obtained. To that end, the Imp Bus 204 may beconfigured to filter the information that is passed between the variousimpression trading industry members during the course of transactionplatform-based auctions.

In Use Case #2, we described a scenario in which restrictions have beenplaced on the sharing of data retrieved from the server-side cookiestore between some of the impression trading industry members. In thisuse case, for each impression trading member, the Imp Bus 204 examinesthe restrictions to identify the subset of data retrieved from theserver-side cookie store that may be shared with that impression tradingmember, and generates an impression trading member-specific bid requestthat includes information that characterizes the impression consumer(e.g., based on the subset of data retrieved from the server-side cookiestore that may be shared with that impression trading member).

Here, we describe another way in which the Imp Bus 204 or transactionmanagement computing subsystem may filter the information that isretrieved from the cookie store. In one implementation, the Imp Bus 204analyzes the entirety of the data retrieved from the cookie store oruser data store 206 and provides a somewhat abstracted version of theretrieved data in each impression trading member-specific bid request.Suppose, for example, the retrieved data includes information about theimpression consumer's gender, age, zip code, income, and behavioraldata. Further suppose, for example, that bidder A previously pushedinformation into the cookie store to identify this particular impressionconsumer's gender (gender=male), income (income=$138,000), andbehavioral data (behavioral data=likes fishing, likes hunting) only;bidder B previously pushed information into the cookie store to identifythis particular impression consumer's age (age=28), zip code (zipcode=02130), and behavioral data (behavioral data=buys ski gear) only;bidder C has never pushed information into the cookie store with respectto this impression consumer. Other information in the user data storemay have been provided by a third-party data provider, an impressionbuyer member, and/or an impression seller member. For bidder A, the ImpBus 204 may generate an impression trading member-specific bid requestthat includes gender=male, age=25-35; zip code=North East USA;income=$138,000, and behavioral data=likes fishing, likes hunting, likeswinter sports. For bidder B, the Imp Bus 204 may generate an impressiontrading member-specific bid request that includes gender=male, age=28;zip code=02130; income=$100,000-$199,999, and behavioral data=likesoutdoor sports, buys ski gear. For bidder C, the Imp Bus may generate animpression trading member-specific bid request that includesgender=male, age=25-35; zip code=North East USA;income=$100,000-$199,999, and behavioral data=likes outdoor sports,likes winter sports. Each bidder is provided detailed information thatit has itself pushed to the cookie store via a feedback mechanismthrough the platform, but is only provided an abstracted version of theremaining information that is retrieved from the cookie store.

In addition to providing an abstracted version of the data retrievedfrom the cookie store, the Imp Bus 204 may also provide an abstractedcharacterization of the creative serving opportunity. For example, inlieu of specifying the URL of the page being requested (e.g.,http://lodgeatvail.rockresorts.com/info/rr.gcchalet.asp) by theimpression consumer's web browser, the Imp Bus 204 may simply provide inthe bid request an identifier of a category of the page and site (e.g.,high-end ski resort). More generally, the Imp Bus 204 may provide datacharacterizing an impression, an impression seller member, an impressioninventory source, and/or an impression inventory category. In someembodiments, the Imp Bus 204 sends a data retrieval request to aninventory management subsystem operable to manage impression inventoryinformation across multiple impression inventory sources. One example ofa scenario in which it is advantageous to obfuscate the creative servingopportunity is as follows: a publisher has a sales force that is taskedwith identifying impression buyer members with which to establish acontractual relationship that defines a media buy. An impression buyermember that is aware of the opportunity to obtain this publisher'simpression inventory at a lower price through platform-based auctionsmay choose to bypass the publisher's sales force altogether and take itschances on the open market. This has the effect of reducing the numberof media buys that are established between the publisher and theimpression buyer member and/or altering the financial worth of the mediabuy from the publisher's perspective.

In some embodiments, the Imp Bus 204 may provide data uniquelyidentifying the creative serving opportunity, including data uniquelyidentifying an impression seller member, an impression inventoryidentifier, an impression inventory categorization identifier, auniversal impression inventory identifier, and/or a universal resourcelocator.

3 Integration with Third-Party Systems

In some examples, tenants of the data center 102 participate in auctionsheld by third-party systems (e.g., ad exchanges, publisher ad servers)in addition to interactions with the Imp Bus 204. For instance,referring to FIG. 5A, a user 600 generates an ad call to Imp Bus 204(step 1). The ad call may be, for instance, a preemptible call (“/ptcall”) that is used to integrate with a third-party ad server capable ofperforming query string targeting but is unable to make server sidecalls. The Imp Bus sends bid requests to bidders 608 a, 608 b, 608 c andreceives corresponding responses (step 2). The Imp Bus then redirectsuser 600 to a third-party ad server 612 (step 3) as specified in thereferring URL appended to the ad call. Imp Bus 204 inserts a price orprice bucket (described below) into the URL via macros. In someexamples, a creative is also inserted into the URL; in other instances,the creative is not passed and is instead stored within the browsercookie. Third-party ad server 612 compares the bid received from Imp Bus204 with internal bids and guaranteed campaigns associated with the /pttag (step 4). Based on a combination of price and delivery priority,which is a black box algorithm with respect to Imp Bus 204, third-partyad server 612 selects and serves a creative to user 600 (step 5). In theevent that the creative passed from the Imp Bus 204 is served, an “/ab”call is generated to notify the Imp Bus of successful delivery of thecreative (step 5′).

Referring to FIG. 5B, in other examples, a user 650 visits a page with athird-party ad tag (step 11). A third-party ad server 652 gathers userinformation and sends the information to Imp Bus 204 (step 12). The ImpBus conducts an auction as described above and returns a creative URL,an auction id, and a bid to third-party ad server 652 (step 13).Third-party ad server 652 writes the auction ID and an “/acb” URL touser 650′s cookie so that, if user 650 is shown the creative supplied byImp Bus 204, the impression may be properly tracked. Third-party adserver 652 selects a creative to serve to user 650 and delivers the ad(step 14). In the event that the creative passed from the Imp Bus 204 isserved, an “lab” call is generated to notify the Imp Bus of thethird-party auction win (step 15).

In order to ensure a smooth integration with third parties, the Imp Bus204 passes information, such as a bidding price or a creative, in aformat accepted by the known third party (e.g., Right Media Exchange,Google Ad Manager, Double Click, OpenX). Profiles can be created forimpression seller members (e.g., publishers) who routinely interact withknown third-party systems.

Some third-party systems only accept key-value pairs (e.g., “price=10”)that do not encapsulate dollar values. For example, if “price=$1.0594”is passed from the Imp Bus 204 to the Right Media Exchange, the valuemay not be correctly interpreted for an auction model. To avoid thisproblem, a tenant can assign small price ranges called “price buckets”to inventory in order for a bid from the Imp Bus 204 to be properlyinterpreted by a third-party system. The passed prices can be averagesand can be edited manually to target campaigns. For example, the Imp Bus204 can pass “price=10” to the Right Media Exchange and then target acampaign to the key-value pair “price=10” with a CPM of $0.10.

In some examples, priorities can be used instead of price in athird-party system. In a system based on a priority metric, a tenant cancreate a waterfall of priorities. For example, a campaign targeting“anprice=50” (which represents a payout of $0.50) would be prioritizedbetween the $0.60 existing campaign and the $0.40 existing campaign. Thewaterfall can appear as follows:

-   3.00 AppNexus anprice=300 campaign-   2.80 Existing campaign-   2.60 Existing campaign-   2.50 AppNexus anprice=250 campaign-   2.40 Appnexus anprice=240 campaign-   2.30 Appnexus anprice=230 campaign-   2.20 AppNexus anprice=220 campaign-   2.20 Existing campaign

When an existing campaign and the AppNexus campaign are the same price,the AppNexus campaign should be prioritized higher if possible in orderto maximize revenue from that price point.

Both impression seller members and impression buyer members can createtheir own price buckets to be used for transactions. For example, animpression seller partner that also participates on the Right MediaExchange can create 20 price buckets ranging from $0.10 to $2.00 in$0.10 increments, in which the price specifies how much will be paid per1000 impressions. Alternatively or in addition, a publisher (e.g.,CNN.com) can create the following price buckets (in units of cents): 0,10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80,90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200. In either ofthe previous examples, the values used for the price buckets can bechanged as feedback is obtained from the outcomes of auctions.

Third-party systems may specify a preference for the format in which acreative or the price buckets is received. For example, some ad serversmay prefer a creative to be presented as a URL, while others prefer thata creative is stored in a cookie or a header (e.g., a JavaScriptvariable). For example, suppose an impression buyer member,AdCompany123, is selling creatives to three different third-partysystems, each with a different preference for how a creative isdelivered.

If one of the third-party systems, Exchange ABC, does accept a creativein the form of a URL, an example URL that can be passed by the Imp Bus204 to Exchange ABC is as follows:http://ib.adnxs.com/pt?id=1&redir=http%3A//www.SiteXYZ.com/preemp.php%3Fbidprice%3D{BIDPRICE}%26bidurl%3D{BIDURLENC}in which the macro {BIDPRICE} is replaced with a value from a pricebucket and the macro {BIDURLENC} is replaced with a creative URL to beserved if the bid is accepted by Exchange ABC.

If another of the third-party systems, Exchange DEF, does not accept acreative as a URL, {BIDURLENC} is not included and instead, the callfrom the ad server (which in this case is www.SiteXYZ.com.preemp.php)can be http://ib.adnxs.com/acb?member=1&width=728&height=90 and the“/acb” call can read a user's cookies to find a cookie that matches thethree criteria of member number, width, and height. Additional oralternative criteria can be included in an ad server call. In someexamples, price bucket information can also be stored in the user'sbrowser (e.g., as part of a cookie). Once a match has been made and ifthe bid has been accepted, Exchange DEF can serve the ad to the user.

If the final one of the three third-party systems, Exchange MNO, doesnot accept a creative as a URL and prefers a header-based storage to acookie, {BIDURLENC} is not included and the creative can be stored as ajavascript variable: an_ads[‘a300×250’]=http://ib.adnxs.com/ab/. In sucha scenario, the ad server (e.g., www.SiteXYZ.com/preemp.php) can makethe following call:

-   <script>-   document.write(‘<script type=”text/javascript”    src=”’+unescape(an_ads[“a300×250”])+‘”></scr’+‘ipt>’);-   </script>    in which “a300×250” can be a predetermined key for that particular    placement and may not necessarily include size information of the    creative. Price bucket information can also be stored as a    javascript variable.

In any of the three examples given above, the Imp Bus 204 can representan impression buyer, AdCompany123, to a third-party system (e.g., RightMedia Exchange). The Imp Bus 204 can be integrated with the ad server ofthe impression buyer in part by changing an existing alias or acanonical name (CNAME) to point to the Imp Bus instead of or in additionto the impression buyer itself.

Currently, many companies of a third-party system (e.g., Right MediaExchange) have a CNAME set up to ad.yieldmanager.com. This allows thecompany to give out ad tags which look like“http://ad.siteXYZ.com/st?id=123&size=728×90” instead of“http://ad.yieldmanager.com/st?id=123&size=728×90”. By changing theCNAME to point to ib.adnxs.com, the Imp Bus 204 can run an auction,interpreting the existing parameters and redirect the impression toyieldmanager such that the new impression looks like:ad.siteXYZ.com→ib.adnxs.com→ad.yieldmanager.com

In some examples, as part of the redirect, the Imp Bus 204 can add acorrect query string parameter in order to perform additional processes(e.g., perform a price check auction). Due to the CNAME change, the ImpBus 204 has to correctly interpret (or correctly redirect)non-impression information as well (i.e., pixel calls, or non-standardcalls to the alias).

4 Additional and Alternative Embodiments 4.1 Preemptive Auctions

In the use cases described above and depicted in FIGS. 3A-3D, each adcall received by the Imp Bus 204 is a server-side ad call. Theadvertising platform also accommodates client-side ad calls.

In one example scenario, an impression seller member desires to do aprice check on its impression inventory. When an impression consumer'sweb browser navigates to a web page hosted by a server operable by themember, the server returns to the impression consumer's web browser asnippet of HTML, generally either some JavaScript or an IFRAME thattells the browser to make a client-side ad call to the Imp Bus 204. TheImp Bus 204 receives the client-side ad call and performs aplatform-based auction (as described above) to identify a winning bid.The Imp Bus 204 returns to the impression consumer's browser a URL(“winning bid URL”) and a price. The Imp Bus 204 also sends to thebidder of the winning bid a “won but deferred” notification, whichidentifies to the bidder that although its bid is the winning bid, theserving of the impression is being deferred for the moment.

The impression consumer's web browser forwards informationcharacterizing the price of the platform-based winning bid to a server(“member server”) operable by the member. The member server implementsits own logic to determine (perhaps in part based on the price of theplatform-based winning bid) whether to serve the ad creative of theplatform-based winning bid or serve its own ad creative (e.g., a defaultad creative from its own ad server and/or an ad creative associated witha winning bid of an auction conducted by the member server itself). Ifthe member server determines that the ad creative of the platform-basedwinning bid is to be served, the member server returns to the impressionconsumer's web browser a snippet of HTML that tells the browser to pointto the winning bid URL. When the winning bid URL loads, the Imp Bus 204logs that an ad creative resulting from a platform-based auction is tobe served and returns to the impression consumer's web browser aredirect to the location of the ad creative to be served.

Over a period of time, use of preemptive auctions enables the impressionseller partner to obtain information (e.g., the price of theplatform-based winning bids) sufficient to determine the true marketvalue of certain creative serving opportunities. This true market valuemay subsequently be used to set the reserve price for the respectivecreative serving opportunities.

4.2 Estimated Minimum Price Reduction

In some examples, after a platform-based auction, the Imp Bus 204 canpass a bid related to the platform-based winning bid and optionallylocation information for the creative (e.g., a URL, a JavaScriptvariable, a cookie) to a third-party system (e.g., an advertisingexchange) to decide how to fill an ad call. In this scenario, the ImpBus 204 functions as a participant on the third-party system, presentinga value related to the internal winning price and optionally theinternal winning creative to compete against other advertisers to fillthe original ad call.

Should the bid passed by the Imp Bus 204 be chosen as the winner by thethird-party system, the ad call would be passed back to the Imp Bus andthe winning bidder's creative would be served.

The Imp Bus 204 can use a rule, or a set of rules, to determine thevalue of the bid that is passed to the third-party system. A well-chosenvalue will both help the bid to be competitive in future auctions heldby third parties and help the impression seller member earn higherrevenue from the bid.

As an example of how a pricing strategy can affect future auctions,consider if a bidder representing Toyota® bids $5 and a bidderrepresenting MasterCard® bids $3 for a particular impression in aplatform-based auction. Suppose the Imp Bus 204 is implemented with astandard second price auction mechanism. In such a scenario, the winningbid is a price equal to the second-highest bid, which is $3. If the bidof $3 is passed on to a second ad exchange that is operating its ownauction mechanism, the $3 bid would lose to a $4 bid, even thoughToyota® was willing to pay $5 for the impression. Alternatively, supposethe Imp Bus 204 is implemented to pass on the highest bid from theplatform-based auction to a second ad exchange or to a secondplatform-based auction. In such a scenario, the $5 bid would beat a $4bid. However, if the platform-based auction performed by the Imp Bus 204had required Toyota® to pay only $3, the publisher would lose a dollar.

To mitigate these issues, the Imp Bus 204 can use smarter rules that arebetter informed by market data to determine what amount to pass on for awinning bid. Instead of passing a value of a winning bid that is equalto the second-highest bid or to the second-highest bid plus a fixed (orvariable) percentage, the Imp Bus 204 can implement an estimated pricereduction mechanism that is determined by observing historical bids andtheir success or failure in the third-party system.

In some examples, after an ad call arrives, the Imp Bus 204 can estimatea bid price that is likely to win the ad using analytics on impressionsover time, including one or more of user frequency, time of day,publisher's site, or other information. The bid price estimate may alsobe based on a dynamically varying probability threshold value dependenton a high success rate criterion such as an estimated clear price (ECP;e.g., a success rate of 70-80%) or a moderate success rate criterionsuch as an estimated average price (EAP; e.g., a success rate of40-50%). In some instances, the ECP and EAP are determined based onhistorical data of win rate as a function of price, such as using a bidcurve plotting the historical data. The estimated price canautomatically be included in the bid request that is sent to bidders,allowing the bidders to make a more well-informed decision to bid aboveor below the estimated price. While a bid below this threshold may besubmitted to third-party systems, the risk of losing the auction in thepublisher's ad server would be greater than if the bid were greater thanor equal to the estimated price. If the winner's bid is above theestimated price, the bid price sent on to the next auction can equaleither the second-highest bid or the estimated price, whichever ishigher. If, instead, the winner's bid is below the estimated price, thebid price can equal the winning bid (i.e. no price reduction).

As an example, suppose an ad call for the nytimes.com is to be decidedby a third-party system. In a first-round auction, the estimated clearprice for this ad call is calculated by the Imp Bus 204 to be $4. Thetwo highest bids for this auction are $5 by Diesel® and $6 by Armani®.Armani® wins the auction and the Imp Bus 204 sends a bid of $5 forArmani® to the third-party system for the next auction. As anotherexample, suppose that instead, the two highest bids for the nytimes.comauction had been $3 by Diesel® and $5 by Armani®, the estimated pricestill at $4. Armani® wins the auction and the Imp Bus 204 sends a bid of$4 for Armani® to the third-party system for the next auction. Asanother example, suppose that instead, the two highest bids for thenytimes.com auction had been $2 by Diesel® and $3 by Armani®, theestimated price still at $4. Armani® wins the auction and the Imp Bus204 sends a bid of $3 for Armani® to the third-party system for the nextauction.

In some examples, estimated prices can be used outside the context of anactual auction in order to help develop a bidding strategy.

4.3 Bidder-Specific Debugging

If a bid request is sent to a bidder and the bidder chooses not to bid(e.g., replies with a $0 bid), the reasons for the $0 bid (e.g.,campaign spans non-US inventory, segment targeting) would be unknown tothe Imp Bus 204 and to other auction participants. A debug log is a toolthat can be used by any of the tenants of the data center 102 to betterunderstand the auction process performed by the Imp Bus 204 or to testthat a bidder is functioning properly when exposed to real traffic andvolume. A debug tool can be built into a bidder framework open sourcecode and/or an Imp Bus “debug text.”

In a call for an impression, a “debug” parameter can be added that showscommunications between the Imp Bus 204 and all active bidders during anauction that is run as a “debug auction.” All bidders will be informedthat an impression is flagged as a “debug impression,” and allparticipants will proceed in a standard way, with the exception thateach bidder will log text related to a bidder's response that is uniqueto that given impression. As the auction proceeds, all decisions arelogged for each bidder as it proceeds from one advertiser to a firstcampaign and to a second campaign and so on. When the Imp Bus 204 sendsa bid request to a bidder during a “debug auction,” the bidder repliesto the Imp Bus with all of its debug text. If a bidder responding to theImp Bus 204 appears to malfunction (e.g., the bidder uses a malformedJavaScript object notation or sends an invalid response), the debug logwill display errors.

Below is an example debug log with a description of how the Imp Busdetermines the winning bid. Actual log entries are in italics.

Stage 1: Imp Bus 204 is Contacted

1. The TinyTag on the publisher page causes the browser to contact theImp Bus 204. Debug logs may be obtained by calling“http.//ib.adnxs.com/tt?id=yourtagid&debug=1” Because the Imp Bus 204can be a cluster of load-balanced instances, the instance “impbus-01” iscontacted in this example. “Sand-07” indicates the current developmentversion of ImpBus 204 and API software, and “NYM1” indicates the datacenter in which this activity is taking place.

Impbus impbus-01.sand-07.nym1:8002

2. The referrer (the page where the TinyTag originates) and the URLclass (whitelist, blacklist, greylist) are displayed.

Blank referer. Inventory greylisted. Inventory class: greylist

3. The information contained within the TinyTag is displayed.

Standard 728×90 tinytag 11 - member 5, reserve $0.000, tag data (null)

4. The Imp Bus 204 assigns an “auction ID” to this transaction, and theuser's geographical information and ID are collected from his cookie.

Auction ID: a00244e7-919c-4c0e-abd4-af98fc295b8d Geo: US NY 501 User ID:db154e9c-7aab-4c12-9661-1df3b8e78cfa

5. Third-party data providers are contacted. In this case no third-partydata is available.

Skipping datran phase - not configured or saturated No IXI data foundData provider phase complete - 0 ms elapsed

Stage 2: Owner Phase

6. If the tag's owner is associated with a bidder, that bidder is sent abid request first. In this case the owner is associated with Bidder 9.

  sending bid request /Bidder09/bidder_09.php to bidder 9 atx.xx.xxx.xxx:xx   Waiting for owner to bid   Response from bidder 9received in 1 ms     Bidder 9:     a00244e7-919c-4c0e-abd4-af98fc295b8d: failed - Creative does notbelong to response member id   Owner phase complete - 2 ms elapsed

Stage 3: Bidding Phase

7. Bid Requests are sent to all listening bidders. The bidders pass backBid Responses and the Impression Bus validates member IDs and computesnet prices based on the tag's revshare with the Imp Bus 204 and anybidder fees included in the Bid Response.

  Response from bidder 13 received in 0 ms   Total revshare for member21: 95.00%   Bidder fees for member 21: $0.000 (revshare 0.0%, $0.000min CPM)     Bidder 13:       a00244e7-919c-4c0e-abd4-af98fc295b8d:Member 21 bid $4.200 (net $3.990)   Response from bidder 9 received in 1ms   Total revshare for member 3: 95.00%   Bidder fees for member 3:$0.388 (revshare 5.0%, $0.000 min CPM)     Bidder 9:      a00244e7-919c-4c0e-abd4-af98fc295b8d: Member 3 bid $7.770 (net$7.012)   Response from bidder 8 received in 50 ms     Bidder 8:Connection throttled, failed, or timed out

Stage 4: Auction Winner Determined

8. The auction winner is determined by ranking the net bids above. Herewe have net bids of $3.990 and $7.012. The $7.012 bid wins, but theprice is reduced to the second bid price of $3.990. Bidder fees andexchange fees are added on to $3.990 to make a gross price of $4.421.The buyer will pay $4.421 (this shows up as $4.421 in reporting asbuyer_spend) and the seller will receive $3.990 (this shows up as $3.990in reporting as seller_revenue).

Bidding phase complete - 50 ms elapsed Auctiona00244e7-919c-4c0e-abd4-af98fc295b8d result: SOLD Winning bid: $7.770;Tag min: $0.000 Second bid: $3.990 Net winning price: $3.990; Grossprice: $4.421; Bidder fees; $0.221 Member 3 creative 28 has the highestnet bid: $3.990

Auction Timing

The Imp Bus 204 displays how long each stage of the auction took.

Auction timing:   Init phase: 0 ms   DP phase: 0 ms   Owner phase: 2 ms  Bid phase: 50 ms   End phase: 0 ms   Total: 53 ms Auction complete

A debug log can be customized in order for each independent decisioningengine associated with a bidder to output its internal debug messagesfor any given auction. This can be important, for example, because eachbidder is independently determining its response (e.g., choosingcreative A over creative B, excluding campaign X) and the bidder'smetrics for each response can be unique to that bidder.

An example custom debug log from one bidder can include the followingtext:

Member 3:   Available - adding Member 13:   Available - adding 2available member(s) Tag 1307:   Member 3  Advertiser 2     Campaign 12      Bans URL - skipping     Campaign 13       Does not meet reserveprice - skipping     Campaign 14       Does not meet reserve price -skipping     No eligible campaigns - skipping   No eligibleadvertisers - skipping Member 13   Advertiser 1     Campaign 1      Bans segments - skipping     No eligible campaigns - skipping  Advertiser 5     No eligible campaigns - skipping   No eligibleadvertisers - skipping No eligible members - skipping

Another example custom debug log can include the following text:

16:32:11 (DEBUG) Decoded bid request: 16:32:11 (DEBUG) Partner id isNone 16:32:11 (DEBUG) *** failed rule for li 432, (Match rule forsegments. Include items set([‘104’]) Exclude items set([ ])) 16:32:11(DEBUG) *** failed rule for li 446, (Match rule for segments. Includeitems set([‘599’]) Exclude items set([ ])) 16:32:11 (DEBUG) *** failedrule for li 448, (Match rule for segments. Include items set([‘599’])Exclude items set([ ])) 16:32:11 (DEBUG) *** failed rule for li 426,(Match rule for segments. Include items set([‘104’]) Exclude items set([])) 16:32:11 (DEBUG) Valid line items are 16:32:11 (DEBUG) No founditems 16:32:11 (DEBUG) Bidding response is empty. None found 16:32:11(DEBUG) BidRequest/Response is {‘auctionID’: ‘43a5516f-2dc8-43fa-a549-5432d9201278’, ‘request_data’: {‘tags’: [{‘reserve_price’: 1.0,‘auction_id’: ‘43a5516f- 2dc8-43fa-a549-5432d9201278’, ‘tag_format’:‘iframe’, ‘id’: 1307, ‘size’: ‘300×250’}], ‘bid_info’:{‘accepted_languages’: ‘en-us,en;q=0.5’, ‘user_id’: ‘fe3ca2dd-3ac9-4427-ac89-a173d524f998’, ‘inventory_class’: ‘class_1’, ‘city’: ‘New York’,‘url’: ‘babynamenetwork.com’, ‘country’: ‘US’, ‘region’: ‘NY’, ‘dma’:501, ‘within_iframe’: False, ‘time_zone’: ‘America/New_York’,‘total_clicks’: 0, ‘postal_code’: ‘10012’, ‘user_agent’: ‘Mozilla/5.0(Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10.5; en-US; rv:1.9.0.6) Gecko/2009011912Firefox/3.0.6’, ‘no_flash’: False, ‘session_imps’: 0,‘mins_since_last_imp’: 1112, ‘ip_address’: ‘64.59.43.186’, ‘total_imps’:27, ‘no_cookies’: False}, ‘timestamp’: ‘2009-03- 03 21:32:10’,‘debug_requested’: True, ‘members’: [{‘id’: 30}, {‘id’: 49}],‘allow_exclusive’: False}, ‘isp’: ‘ELINK COMMUNICATIONS’, ‘uid’:‘fe3ca2dd-3ac9- 4427-ac89-a173d524f998’, ‘ectr’: 0.0,‘exchange_owning_partner_id’: None, ‘ip’: ‘64.59.43.186’, ‘tag’: None,‘user_data’: {‘adnexus_id’: ‘fe3ca2dd-3ac9-4427-ac89- a173d524f998’},‘_logVersion_’: 1.0, ‘creative_frequency’: 0, ‘cost’: 0, ‘clientID’: 0,‘size’: (300, 250), ‘partners’: [{‘id’: 30}, {‘id’: 49}], ‘placementID’:0, ‘time_bucket’: ‘1:21’, ‘creative_recency’: 1099511627776, ‘segments’:[ ], ‘_eventType_’: ‘BidRequest’, ‘publisher_item’: None, ‘dma_code’:‘501’, ‘subID’: None, ‘insertionID’: 0, ‘other’: { }, ‘tag_format’:‘IFRAME’, ‘partnerID’: 0, ‘creativeID’: 0, ‘bid’: 0, ‘zip_code’:‘10075’, ‘inv_group’: None, ‘second_bid’: 0, ‘client_frequency’: 0,‘clickURL’: None, ‘inv_unit’: None, ‘win_frequency’: { },‘publisher_insertion_order’: None, ‘adnexus_partner_id’: 0, ‘interface’:‘adnexus’, ‘inv_source’: None, ‘testCreativeID’: None, ‘client_recency’:1099511627776, ‘no_bid’: True, ‘tinytag_id’: 1307, ‘campaign_recency’:1099511627776, ‘pubRedirectUnencoded’: False, ‘language’: ‘EN’, ‘url’:‘babynamenetwork.com’, ‘country’: ‘usa’, ‘_utcMessageTime_’: ‘2009-03-03T21:32:11.049988’, ‘campaignID’: 0, ‘campaign_frequency’: 0,‘frequency’: ‘{ }’, ‘exclusive’: False, ‘lineitemID’: 0,‘bid_request_url’: None, ‘inv_size’: None, ‘os’: ‘MAC_OS_OTHER’,‘region’: ‘usa_ny’, ‘browser’: ‘FIREFOX_3’}----

4.4 Logging and Reporting

A tremendous amount of information passes through the Imp Bus 204 ortransaction management computing subsystem per impression inventorytransaction. The Imp Bus 204 may be implemented to log various pieces ofinformation in the data store 230 for each and every impressioninventory that is transacted within the platform. Such log data mayinclude information specific to the impression consumer (e.g.,demographic, psychographic, and behavioral data); information specificto the impression consumer's web browser (e.g., browsing history orpurchasing history); information specific to the ad tag, creativeserving opportunity, or combination thereof; information specific to thecreative that was selected to be served; information representative ofthe impression consumer's response to the creative that was served(e.g., clickthroughs and conversions); information representative of thetransactional nature of the platform-based auction itself (e.g.,identifier for each bidder that responded and what the bidder respondedwith in terms of creative and price, response time of each bidder, whichbidder elected to no bid, and identifier for each third party dataprovided who contributed data that was used by each bidder to optimizeor otherwise generate a bid response); or information related to athird-party data provider that contributed data towards the generationof a bid response.

The Imp Bus 204 collects detailed information about individualplatform-based auctions on an on-going basis. Because the Imp Bus 204collects and logs a large amount of data, the file sizes of the loggingtables stored in the data store can grow large. If all of thisinformation is stored for a long time, it quickly consumes too much diskspace. To conserve disk space and to keep these files small, the Imp Bus204 periodically can summarize in real-time the stored data and re-logit to a summarization table. The summarized versions of the data thatare re-logged include far less detail about the individualplatform-based auctions. However, through careful selection ofsummarization parameters, the data summarization provides usefulsnapshots of the nature of the platform-based auctions that areoccurring during a given time interval.

In some examples, these summarized versions or the original,non-summarized versions of the data may be freely obtained by anyimpression trading industry member without cost. In other examples,these summarized versions or the original, non-summarized (e.g.,impression-level) versions of the data may be obtained for a cost thatis dependent on the nature of the contractual relationship agreed uponbetween the advertising platform provider and the respective impressiontrading industry members. As an example, a first bidder establishes a“basic” value service relationship with the advertising platformprovider and is entitled to a report of activity within the platformecosystem within a 24-hour period; a second bidder establishes a“moderate” value service relationship with the advertising platformprovider and is entitled to a report of activity within the platformecosystem within a 1-hour period; a third bidder establishes a “premium”value service relationship with the advertising platform provider and isentitled to a report of activity within the platform ecosystem within a15-minute period. The timing of updates provides the third bidder amarket advantage in terms of obtaining information and making changes toits bidding strategies in real time as compared to that of the first andsecond bidders.

The above-described information that is collected by the Imp Bus 204 canbe pushed to impression trading industry members at specific intervals,as specified in the contractual relationship between the advertisingplatform provider and the industry member. Alternatively or in addition,the Imp Bus 204 can update its databases at predefined intervals (e.g.,every 10 seconds, every 30 seconds, every minute, every hour) or inresponse to a change in information related to a platform-based auction(e.g., behavioral data related to an impression consumer, informationspecific to the ad tag or winning bid or selected creative, informationrelated to third-party data provided).

The Imp Bus 204 can provide incremental updates to users using batchgeneration, which allows users to pull updates at regular intervals orsporadically or whenever a database is reported to have changed. The ImpBus 204 can provide updates in real-time, in a ticker format, in variouslevels of granularity, such as impression-level updates or aggregateupdates. For example, the number of U.S. impressions for an ad campaigncan be streamed to an impression buyer member, an impression sellermember, a third-party data provider, or to another auction participant.Alternatively or in addition, data can be streamed on a per impressionbasis, made available in a textual log format or as a queryable databasetable.

4.5 Batch Services for Bidders

In some examples, an impression seller member's preference for adquality (e.g., an offer type, preferred creatives) can be monitored bybidders by using batch generation. As an impression seller member canapprove a large number of potential ads (e.g., 10,000, 100,000), it isnot realistic to pass all of them to a bidder. Instead, an impressionseller member can set up a target ad profile in which preferences (e.g.,preferred creatives, brand/offer-type standards, trusted and brandmembers) are stored and can be changed by the impression seller member.For example, the website nbc.com could specify a preference for an ad inEnglish and related to tax preparation to be displayed for the months ofFebruary and March.

An impression seller member (e.g., a publisher) associated with a largemultimedia stream (e.g., the news website CNN.com) can set up a profilefor each of its multiple multimedia streamlets (e.g.,CNN.com/entertainment, CNN.com/health, CNN.com/technology, andCNN.com/travel). An identification number can be assigned to eachprofile created by a publisher and can be shared with other tenants(e.g., bidders).

Whenever a publisher changes information in a profile (e.g., a preferredad content, a geographical preference, a preferred brand associated withthe creative, an unwanted type of creative), the Imp Bus 204 can update(e.g., using incremental batch generation) an ad quality process. Aftersuch an update, when a bidder pulls an ad quality process, they can alsopull an ad profile service that pulls any publisher updates upon requestor within a predefined interval (e.g., 10 seconds, 30 seconds, 10minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour) into the bidder's cache. Thus, bidders canhave a full view of imp bus standards and can avoid wasted bids oncreatives that may be rejected by the publisher.

In some examples, foreign currency-based transactions can be supportedwithin the platform and a currency clearinghouse computing subsystem ofthe Imp Bus 204 can serve as a clearing house for all currencies used bytenants. To aid participants of an auction in generating bids, the ImpBus 204 can pull a feed of exchange rates from a source (e.g.,x-rates.com, OANDA Rates®, FXSolutions.com) that is sampled at differenttimes (e.g., 30 min, hourly) and stored within the platform. Bidders canpull currency updates at different intervals (e.g., 20 seconds, everyminute) to ensure their bids are appropriate for the currency used.

For example, if Volkswagen® wanted to place an ad for the new Passat™ onthe news websites lemonde.fr, welt.de, bbc.co.uk, and nytimes.com,bidder transactions would take place in euros, British pounds, and U.S.dollars. If the U.S. dollar-euro exchange rate were to suddenly changefrom 1.26 to 1.45 dollars per 1 euro, a bidder representing Volkswagen®and paying in euros should lower the bid to place an ad withnytimes.com.

4.6 Hosted Bidder

In some implementations, the advertising platform includes a hostedbidder framework that enables an impression buyer member to provide abid guide of API-driven bidding rules (also known as decisioning rules)to the platform on an ad hoc basis. These member-specific bidding ruleswill subsequently be executed by a hosted bidder operable by theadvertising platform provider on behalf of the impression buyer memberduring the platform-based auctions. The hosted bidder removes the needfor an impression buyer member to engage a third-party Bidding Providerto operate on its behalf or to set up and configure its own bidderwithin the platform—a process that can be difficult and time consumingfor the impression buyer partner.

Generally, a bid guide explicitly states how much the impression buyermember will pay based on specific targeting parameters. Each bid guideis a pricing matrix for the data points the impression buyer membervalues. For example, a bid guide may specify that an impression buyermember will bid $1.00 for a U.S. impression of size 728×90, and $0.50for an international 728×90 impression.

The key to successful bidding is frequent updating of bid prices basedon performance data. Accordingly, an impression buyer member may use thereports generated by the Imp Bus 204 to view bid performance and uploadmodified bid guides on an on-going basis.

4.7 Bidder Instances

A data center tenant that operates a bidder within the platform maydeploy one or more instances of a bidder at any given time. In a typicalimplementation, each bidder instance runs on a machine that is uniquelyaddressable within the platform via an IP address and port numbers.

The Imp Bus 204 may be implemented with load balancer functionality thatenables the Imp Bus 204 to spread bid requests between multipleinstances of one or more bidders without requiring a dedicated loadbalancer hardware device to be deployed within the platform. The Imp Bus204 maintains a list of bidder instances and corresponding machine IPaddresses and port numbers. In some examples, in order to load balanceacross bidder instances, the Imp Bus 204 sends a ready call to eachbidder instance periodically (e.g., every 100 milliseconds, everysecond, every five seconds, every 10 seconds, every 30 seconds) andmonitors the queue responses from each individual bidder instance. TheImp Bus 204 throttles requests to any bidder instance that either failsa “ready check” or appears to be unresponsive to or overloaded withrequests. The Imp Bus 204 spreads the remaining load (e.g., processingof subsequent bid requests) among the other instances of that bidder.

Integrating the load balancer functionality within the Imp Bus 204provides numerous advantages from a connection-handling perspective,thereby increasing performance and reducing network bottlenecks. Thisarrangement removes one layer of complexity and latency that would existin the internal network of the platform if a bid request were insteadrouted from the Imp Bus 204 to a dedicated load balancer hardwaredevice, and then to a machine on which a bidder instance is run.

5 Bidder RevShare/Min CPM

A minimum cost per thousand impressions, or CPM, can be used as aminimum threshold for buyers' bids. If a bid is below this threshold,either with or without a reduction in price (e.g., due to bidder,publisher, exchange, and/or data provider fees), it can be removed fromconsideration.

For example, Toyota® can bid $2.50 for a creative to be served onCNN.com and a bidder representing Toyota® can have a CPM fee of $0.20.If the bid process for the creative is reduced to an amount that isbelow the bidder's CPM fee (e.g., the bid is reduced to $0.10), therewould not be enough money left to pay the bidder its fee. To preventthis problem, the Imp Bus 204 can set a minimum CPM, which can be uniqueto a bidder and can be changed in real time from transaction totransaction. In some examples, a bidder can have a contract with each ofmany advertisers, and each contract can set the minimum CPM between thebidder and advertiser.

6 Custom Macros

Typically, an impression buyer or ad server stores information relatedto a creative or an impression (e.g., a price paid in cents for animpression) and creates one or more macros that can store thisinformation in a preferred format. For example, the Imp Bus 204 canupload a creative, automatically fill in a value (e.g., a value for theprice paid in cents for the impression), and pass on this value to an adserver or record it in a database.

Having the Imp Bus 204 create a separate, distinctly-named macro foreach impression buyer member can be cumbersome, especially when a memberhas many values or uses many ad servers.

An alternative is to have an impression member buyer or its associatedbidder set up, name, and store one or more macros within a creative.When the bidder responds to a bid request from the Imp Bus 204, thebidder can pass the Imp Bus a string that contains at least a value anda name, and the Imp Bus can fill in the information as specified withinthe macro. The Imp Bus 204 serves as a conduit for the information anddoes not dictate the specifics of the macros or the macro names.

The Imp Bus 204 can pass information related to a platform-specific userID or information about a given impression to the bidder. The Imp Bus204 can obtain the information from a variety of sources, such as thecookie store 206, an ad tag, a publisher, a third-party data providers,a bidder's user data. Bidders can interpret the passed informationdynamically.

For example, for a given impression, the Imp Bus 204 can include in abid request specific values for a user's session frequency and for theuser's income. The bidders will be sent a bid request with the followingparameters:

{“bid_request”:{ ... “income”:”72,000”, “session_imps”:16, ... }}

If the bidder is interested in this data, it can set up creatives usingmacros for each data point, for example: ${USER_INCOME} and${SESSION_FREQ}. The bidder can respond to an impression in such a waythat replaces the values in a creative:

“custom_macros”:[{“name”:“USER_INCOME”,“value”:”72,000”,{“name”:“SESSION_FREQ”, “value”:16}],

7 One Implementation of the Imp Bus

FIG. 4 shows an implementation of the Imp Bus 204 that includes a hostof API service modules (those depicted include a User Service module402, a Bidder Service module 404, a Member Service module 406, an Ad TagService module 408, and a Creative Service module 410), a LogicProcessing module 412, a Logging and Report Generation module 414, and aUser Interface module 416.

The User Service module 402 enables the advertising platform provider tomanage users within the platform. In this context, a “user” typicallyrefers to a person who is authorized to act on behalf of an entity(e.g., an impression trading industry member or the advertising platformprovider itself) in a predetermined capacity. A user authorized to acton behalf of the advertising platform provider may interact with theUser Service module of the Imp Bus to add additional users or modifyexisting users.

The Bidder module 404 enables the advertising platform provider to addbidders to the platform or modify fields (e.g., IP address of bidderwithin a particular data center, port for bidder traffic in a particulardata center, URI to which bid requests are sent, URI to which requestnotifications are sent) associated with existing bidders.

The Member Service module 406 enables the advertising platform providerto add impression buyer members and impression seller members to theplatform. In some examples, each impression buyer/seller member isrequired to establish a contract with the advertising platform providerindependent of its association with its bidder(s). This contractestablishes financial terms, credit facilities (if applicable), andbinds the member to the terms and conditions of the advertising platformprovider (e.g., with respect to content quality, use of personallyidentifiable information, etc).

The Ad Tag Service module 408 enables the advertising platform providerto manage platform-specific ad tags, for example, viewingplatform-specific ad tags associated with a particular impression sellermember, adding a new platform-specific ad tag, and modifying an existingplatform-specific ad tag associated with a particular creative servingopportunity.

The Creative Service module 410 enables the advertising platformprovider to manage creatives at different levels: (1) on an impressionbuyer member level: identify all creatives associated with a particularimpression buyer member; and (2) on a creative level: a human useracting on behalf of the advertising platform provider may examineattributes of a particular creative. Examples of such attributes includethe URL of the creative, a brand of the impression seller memberassociated with the creative, the type of creative (e.g., image, flash,html, javascript), the identifier of the bidder that added thiscreative, the timestamp that the URL of the creative was last checked toverify its existence and authenticity, to name a few. The CreativeService module 410 may also enable a human user acting on behalf of animpression seller member to preview an ad creative and approve it to berun.

The Logic Processing module 412 includes decisioning software thatenables the Imp Bus 204 to process received ad calls, generate and sendbid requests, and process returned bid responses to identify an actionto be taken (e.g., send additional bid requests, select a winning bid,and return a redirect to the web delivery engine that originated the adcall), to name a few.

The Logging and Report Generation module 414 implements varioustechniques for logging detailed information about platform-basedauctions in the data store and generating summarization reports ofvarying levels of granularity as required and/or requested by authorizedusers within the platform.

The User Interface module 416 implements techniques that enable a userwithin the platform to interact with the Imp Bus through a userinterface (e.g., a graphical user interface) of a client computingdevice (e.g., a web-enabled workstation or a mobile computing device).

Other modules, components, and/or application may also be included inthe Imp Bus.

The techniques described herein can be implemented in digital electroniccircuitry, or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or incombinations of them. The techniques can be implemented as a computerprogram product, i.e., a computer program tangibly embodied in aninformation carrier, e.g., in a machine-readable storage device or in apropagated signal, for execution by, or to control the operation of,data processing apparatus, e.g., a programmable processor, a computer,or multiple computers. A computer program can be written in any form ofprogramming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, andit can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or asa module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in acomputing environment. A computer program can be deployed to be executedon one computer or on multiple computers at one site or distributedacross multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network.

Method steps of the techniques described herein can be performed by oneor more programmable processors executing a computer program to performfunctions of the invention by operating on input data and generatingoutput. Method steps can also be performed by, and apparatus of theinvention can be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry, e.g.,an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application-specificintegrated circuit). Modules can refer to portions of the computerprogram and/or the processor/special circuitry that implements thatfunctionality.

Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, byway of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, andany one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, aprocessor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory ora random access memory or both. The essential elements of a computer area processor for executing instructions and one or more memory devicesfor storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will alsoinclude, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer datato, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g.,magnetic, magneto-optical disks, or optical disks. Information carrierssuitable for embodying computer program instructions and data includeall forms of non-volatile memory, including by way of examplesemiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memorydevices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks;magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor andthe memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in special purposelogic circuitry.

To provide for interaction with a user, the techniques described hereincan be implemented on a computer having a display device, e.g., a CRT(cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor, fordisplaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device,e.g., a mouse or a trackball, by which the user can provide input to thecomputer (e.g., interact with a user interface element, for example, byclicking a button on such a pointing device). Other kinds of devices canbe used to provide for interaction with a user as well; for example,feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, e.g.,visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback; and input fromthe user can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, ortactile input.

The techniques described herein can be implemented in a distributedcomputing system that includes a back-end component, e.g., as a dataserver, and/or a middleware component, e.g., an application server,and/or a front-end component, e.g., a client computer having a graphicaluser interface and/or a Web browser through which a user can interactwith an implementation of the invention, or any combination of suchback-end, middleware, or front-end components. The components of thesystem can be interconnected by any form or medium of digital datacommunication, e.g., a communication network. Examples of communicationnetworks include a local area network (“LAN”) and a wide area network(“WAN”), e.g., the Internet, and include both wired and wirelessnetworks.

The computing system can include clients and servers. A client andserver are generally remote from each other and typically interact overa communication network. The relationship of client and server arises byvirtue of computer programs running on the respective computers andhaving a client-server relationship to each other.

It is to be understood that the foregoing description is intended toillustrate and not to limit the scope of the invention. For example,although the examples provided in this description refer generally tomulti-tenant server-side user data stores, the advertising platform mayalso be implemented to work in conjunction with a multi-tenantclient-side user data store. Further, although the examples provided inthis description refer generally to a server-side advertising call, theadvertising platform may also be implemented to receive client-sideadvertising calls and/or a combination of client-side and server-sideadvertising calls.

1. A computer-implemented method comprising: generating, using atransaction management computing subsystem of an advertising platform, aset of primary bid requests responsive to receipt of an advertisingcall, each primary bid request including information sufficient tocharacterize an impression consumer and information sufficient tocharacterize each of one or more impressions identified in theadvertising call; sending the set of primary bid requests from thetransaction management computing subsystem to a first set of decisioningcomputing subsystems of the advertising platform, each decisioningcomputing subsystem of the first set being operable to generate a bidresponse based on the information included in a primary bid request;selecting, using the transaction management computing subsystem, a firstbid response from among the bid responses generated by the first set ofdecisioning computing subsystems; and taking, by the transactionmanagement computing subsystem, an action on the first bid response. 2.The method of claim 1, wherein generating each primary bid requestincludes: determining an estimated winning bid price based in part on abid curve formed by an analysis if win rates of historical bidresponses; providing the estimated winning bid price as a parameter ofthe primary bid request.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein selecting thefirst bid response includes: comparing the bid prices provided in thebid responses generated by the first set of decisioning computingsubsystems with an estimated winning bid price; and setting a winningbid price based on results of the comparing.
 4. The method of claim 3,wherein setting a winning bid price based on results of the comparingcomprises one of the following: if the highest bid price and the secondhighest bid price provided in the bid responses are both higher than theestimated winning bid price, designating the bid response associatedwith the highest bid price as the selected bid response and setting thewinning bid price to be a value that is based on the second highest bidprice provided in the bid responses; if the highest bid price is higherthan the estimated winning bid price and the second highest bid price islower than the estimated winning price, designating the bid responseassociated with the highest bid price as the selected bid response andsetting the winning bid price to be a value that is based on theestimated winning bid price; and if the highest bid price and the secondhighest bid price are both lower than the estimated winning bid price,designating the bid response associated with the highest bid price asthe selected bid response and setting the winning bid price to be avalue based on to the highest bid price.
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein the advertising call is received from an advertising serveroutside the advertising platform.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein theadvertising call is received from a browser operable by the impressionconsumer.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the advertising call isreceived through a canonical name redirect.
 8. The method of claim 1,wherein taking an action on the first bid response comprises: generatingan advertising call response that includes information sufficient toidentify a creative associated with the first bid response; andproviding the advertising call response to a source of the advertisingcall.
 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: receiving from thesource of the advertising call a notification that the creativeassociated with the first bid response was served to the impressionconsumer.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein taking an action on thefirst bid response comprises: generating a set of secondary bid requestseach including information associated with the first bid response; andsending the set of secondary bid requests to a second set of decisioningcomputing subsystems of the advertising platform.
 11. The method ofclaim 10, further comprising: selecting, using the transactionmanagement computing subsystem, a second bid response from among the bidresponses generated by the second set of decisioning computingsubsystems; generating, using the transaction management computingsubsystem, an advertising call response that includes informationsufficient to identify a creative associated with the second bidresponse; and sending the generated advertising call response to thesource of the advertising call.
 12. The method of claim 10, furthercomprising: selecting, using the transaction management computingsubsystem, a second bid response from among the bid responses generatedby the second set of decisioning computing subsystems; generating, usingthe transaction management computing subsystem, an advertising call thatincludes information associated with the second bid response; andsending the generated advertising call to a decisioning componentoutside the advertising platform.
 13. The method of claim 12, whereinthe generated advertising call satisfies advertising call formattingrequirements associated with the decisioning computing component outsidethe advertising platform.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein theadvertising call formatting requirements includes a specification of abid price as a range of values.
 15. The method of claim 13, wherein theadvertising call formatting requirements includes a specification of apriority metric.
 16. The method of claim 13, wherein creativeinformation associated with the first bid response is represented in thegenerated advertising call as a uniform resource locator, a javascriptvariable, or a cookie.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein at least someof the primary bid requests include information selected according topredefined constraint criteria specified by an impression seller memberwith respect to each of the one or more advertisement spaces.
 18. Themethod of claim 1, wherein at least some of the primary bid requestsinclude information selected according to predefined constraint criteriaspecified by an impression buyer member.
 19. The method of claim 1,wherein for each transaction that occurs following the receipt of anadvertising call by the transaction management computing subsystem,logging at least some of the following information: a transactionidentifier, an impression consumer, the impression consumer's webbrowser, an ad tag, an impression, a creative selected to be served, theimpression consumer's response to a creative that was served, adecisioning computing subsystem identifier, a bid response, a winningbid price, an estimated winning bid price, an identifier of a thirdparty data provider that contributed data towards the generation of abid response, a bid response time, and a no-bid response.
 20. The methodof claim 19, further comprising taking at least one or the followingactions with respect to the logged information: generating summarizedinformation for the logged information at periodic intervals, andstoring the summarized information for analysis; disseminating at leastsome of the collected information as market ticker data, report data, orboth; disseminating an abstracted version of at least some of thecollected information as market ticker data, report data, or both; andgenerating a debug log that is based on at least some of the collectedinformation, and sending the debug log to an impression seller member.21. The method of claim 1, wherein for each transaction that occursfollowing the receipt of an advertising call by the transactionmanagement computing subsystem, generating a notify request specific toeach decisioning computing subsystem, wherein the notify requestincludes at least some of the following information: owner keptnotification information, owner sold notification information,information about revenue or cost generated by the sale of animpression, non-owner win, lost, or pending win information, bid priceinformation, winning bid price information, error notificationinformation, impression information, and impression consumerinformation; and sending the notify requests to respective decisioningcomputing subsystems.
 22. A system that provides an advertisingplatform, the system comprising: decisioning computing subsystems eachincluding a processor that is coupled to computer readable media havingcomputer readable instructions recorded thereon for generating a bidresponse based on information included in a bid request; and atransaction management computing subsystem including a processor that iscoupled to computer readable media having computer readable instructionsrecorded thereon, wherein the processor is operable to execute thecomputer readable instructions to: generate a set of primary bidrequests responsive to receipt of an advertising call, each primary bidrequest including information sufficient to characterize an impressionconsumer and information sufficient to characterize each of one or moreimpressions identified in the advertising call; send the set of primarybid requests to a first set of the decisioning computing subsystems;select a first bid response from among the bid responses generated bythe first set of the decisioning computing subsystems; and take anaction on the first bid response.
 23. The system of claim 22, whereinthe computer readable instructions to take an action on the first bidresponse include instructions to: generate an advertising call responsethat includes information sufficient to identify a creative associatedwith the first bid response; and provide the advertising call responseto a source of the advertising call.
 24. The system of claim 23, whereinthe computer readable media further includes computer readableinstructions to: generate log data identifying the creative associatedwith the first bid response as having been served to the impressionconsumer based at least in part on a notification received from thesource of the advertising call.
 25. The system of claim 23, wherein thecomputer readable media further includes computer readable instructionsto: generate a set of secondary bid requests each including informationassociated with the first bid response; and send the set of secondarybid requests to a second set of decisioning computing subsystems in theadvertising platform.
 26. The system of claim 25, wherein the computerreadable media further includes computer readable instructions to:select a second bid response from among the bid responses generated bythe second set of decisioning computing subsystems; generate anadvertising call response that includes information sufficient toidentify a creative associated with the second bid response; and sendthe generated advertising call response to the source of the advertisingcall.
 27. The system of claim 25, wherein the computer readable mediafurther includes computer readable instructions to: select a second bidresponse from among the bid responses generated by the second set ofdecisioning computing subsystems; generate an advertising call thatincludes information associated with the second bid response; and sendthe generated advertising call to a decisioning component of a systemother than the system that provides the advertising platform.
 28. Thesystem of claim 22, wherein at least one of the decisioning computingsubsystems is operable to receive a bid guide that specifies animpression buyer member-specific set of decisioning rules.
 29. Thesystem of claim 22, wherein at least one decisioning computing subsystemis associated with a plurality of impression buyer members.
 30. Thesystem of claim 22, wherein at least some of the decisioning computingsubsystems and the transaction management computing subsystem arephysically co-located within a data center.
 31. The system of claim 22,wherein at least one decisioning computing subsystem is formed by aplurality of instances, each operable to generate bid responses onbehalf of one or more impression buyer members.
 32. The system of claim31, wherein the computer readable instructions to send the set ofprimary bid requests to a first set of the decisioning computingsubsystems include instructions to perform load balancing among theinstances of a first decisioning computing subsystem.
 33. The system ofclaim 22, wherein the computer readable media further includes computerreadable instructions to: send a ready call to each of the decisioningcomputing subsystems; and send the set of primary bid requests to thefirst set of decisioning computing subsystems selected based at least inpart on receipt of respective responses to the ready call.
 34. Thesystem of claim 22, wherein the computer readable media further includescomputer readable instructions to: send the set of primary bid requeststo the first set of decisioning computing subsystems selected accordingto predefined constraint criteria specified by an impression buyermember, the impression seller member, or both.